The Proliferation Of International Human Rights - 3542 Words

The proliferation of international human rights treaties and jurisprudence gives rise to new questions about the efficacy of international human rights law (IHRL) in the promotion of domestic human rights practices. Scholars have long been skeptical of the effectiveness of human rights treaties given the absence of clear mechanisms of enforcement (Goldsmith and Posner 2005; Downs, Rocke, and Barsoom 1996). States may commit to human rights treaties for a variety of strategic or normative reasons (Simmons 2009; Hafner-Burton and Tsutsui 2005; Risse, Ropp, and Sikkink 1999), but the extent to which such commitments actually lead to changes in states’ practices remains underexplored. Recent scholarship confirms that human rights treaties can†¦show more content†¦Yet this body of research remains incomplete. Previous scholarship focuses on the relationship between treaty ratification and rights outcomes, but this emphasis on the relationship between ratification and compl iance obfuscates a more dynamic, complex, and nuanced understanding of the interaction of law and politics. Indeed, we know that even inadvertent commitments to human rights treaties can have powerful and sometimes unintended effects (Risse, Ropp, and Sikkink 1999). Questions remain with regard to the factors affecting the degree to which legal action shapes the behavior of governments: who engages in mobilization, when do these actors generate social and legal mobilization, and how do the scope and strategies of these movements affect domestic human rights practices? The question at the heart of this dissertation is: Why does an international human rights framework impact the domestic political efficacy of rights-based mobilization in some cases and not in others? The number of international human rights conventions and tribunals has increased dramatically since World War II. This human rights regime now reflects a complex web of rules, norms, and institutions that attempt to structure the behavior of states vis-aÌ€-vis citizens. I seek to explain the conditions under which international human rights law affects the promotion of rights claims in democratizing states and the mechanisms by which

Taking a Look at DNA Supercoiling - 684 Words

DNA supercoiling is the over-winding or under-winding of a DNA strand. In general, most organisms’ DNA is negatively supercoiled. There are two types of supercoiling: positive and negative. Positive supercoiling means that the DNA strands are twisted in the right direction; whereas negative supercoiling means that the DNA strands are twisted in the left direction. The laws of Physics govern everything that happens in the world, including DNA coiling in living beings. Some of the concepts in Physics that are involved in DNA coiling are quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics. Quantum physics is a branch of physics that explores certain units of energy, which are called quanta. These units of energy are described by the Quantum Theory. The dictionary definition of the Quantum Theory is: â€Å"Any theory predating quantum mechanics that encompassed Planck’s radiation formula and a scheme for obtaining discrete energy states for atoms, as Bohr theory.† This definition means that Quantum Theory deals with Planck’s radiation formula, Bohr theory and indivisible units of energy. A great deal of research has been conducted in the field of quantum mechanics and its connection with DNA supercoiling. Some Physicists have formed a theory, which states that quantum entanglement holds DNA molecules together and prevents the DNA from falling apart. Quantum entanglement is the relationship between any objects that deal with quantum mechanics. A Physicist named Elisabeth Rieper, from theShow MoreRelatedCell-cycle dissection is a technique in cell sci ence that utilizes stream cytometry to recognize800 Words   |  4 Pagesto recognize cells in diverse periods of the cell cycle. Before examination, the cells are permeabilised and treated with a fluorescent color that stains DNA quantitatively, generally propidium iodide (PI). The fluorescence force of the stained cells at specific wavelengths will in this manner associate with the measure of DNA they hold. As the DNA substance of cells doubles throughout the S period of the cell cycle, the relative measure of cells in the G0 stage and G1 stage (before S stage), in theRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bacterial Resistance Essay2228 Words   |  9 Pagespost-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries which have been treatable for decades can once again kill.†2 With how many people that have infections today, the topic of antibiotics is of utmost importance. The aim of this paper is to look at the history of antibiotics, how they work and why they are no t working now, and the possibility of better antibiotics in our future. History Antibiotics themselves are relatively new in the history of health and medicine. In order to better understand

Financial Crisis 2008 - 1224 Words

Just after ten years of Asian financial crisis, another major financial crisis now concern for all developed and some developing countries is â€Å"Global Financial Crisis 2008.† It is beginning with the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers on Sunday, September 14, 2008 and spread like a flood. At first U.S banking sector fall in a great liquidity crisis and simultaneously around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems. (Global issue) According to the specialists, there are many reasons for this global financial crisis. We try to focus some prime reasons behind this†¦show more content†¦Most of the risks and terms that underwriters consider fall under the three C’s of underwriting: credit, capacity and collateral. To help the underwriter assess the quality of the loan, banks and lenders create guidelines and even computer models that analyze the various aspects of the mortgage and provide recommendations regarding the risks involved. However, it is always up to the underwriter to make the final decision on whether to approve or decline a loan. In 2007, 40% of all Sub prime loans were generated by automated underwriting. An Executive vice president of Countrywide Home Loans Inc. stated in 2004 Prior to automating the process, getting an answer from an underwriter took up to a week. We are able to produce a decision inside of 30 seconds today. And previously, every mortgage required a standard set of full documentation. Some think that users whose lax controls and willingness to rely on shortcuts led them to approve borrowers that under a less-automated system would never have made the cut are at fault for the sub prime meltdown. Flawed oversight by mortgage brokers - According to a study by Wholesale Access Mortgage Research Consulting Inc., in 2004 Mortgage brokers originated 68% of all residential loans in the U.S., with sub-prime and Alt-A loans accounting for 42.7% of brokerages total production volume. The chairman of theShow MoreRelatedFinancial Crisis 20085972 Words   |  24 PagesCORPORATE FINANCE THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS 2008 Group’s member:Nguyá »â€¦n NhÆ ° Nam (C)Phan Thu AnNguyá »â€¦n Thà ¹y DungHoà  ng Bà ¡ SÆ ¡nNgà ´ Thá »â€¹ à nh Tuyá º ¿tDate: 28/11/2014 | AbstractIn 2008 the world was fell into the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of 1929-1933. Although this crisis has gone, however, its consequences for the economy of many countries is very serious, even now many nations are still struggling to escape difficulty. Just in a short period, the crisis originating from AmericaRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis 20083250 Words   |  13 Pages1. Introduction Shah (2010) stated that the global financial crisis which has been brewing for a while has really started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. It started with the default of the subprime housing loans in the United States when its housing bubble burst. It caused a great impact across the globe that first struck down major financial institutions, first in United States and then in Europe, that were directly exposed to the mortgage default risk. After theRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2008 Essay2044 Words   |  9 PagesThe 2008 financial meltdown resulted in the most treacherous investment landscape observed since the great depression. The most notorious issue was the subprime mortgage crisis, which had a ripple effect felt through every market in the world. The banks, whose leverage rate should never have been higher than two times capitalization, surged as high as thirty to forty times market cap. With this level of exposure, any unforeseen market fluctuations could mean disaster. Lehman Brothers, the oldestRead MoreCauses of the 2008 Financial Crisis2661 Words   |  11 PagesTitle Date of Submission Causes of the 2008 Financial Crisis a) Financial crisis definition Financial crisis is defined as the financial meltdown, or in other terms as the credit crunch. A financial crisis is an economic incidence makes it hard to obtain and access the capital for use in investment. The economic crisis is an ongoing economic problem that was more pronounced in 2008 resulting in the liquidity in the global credit markets and its financial systems (Berlatsky 77). This means thatRead MoreThe 2008 Financial Crisis Essay2289 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction In 2008, the world experienced a tremendous financial crisis which rooted from the U.S housing market; moreover, it is considered by many economists as one of the worst recession since the Great Depression in 1930s. After posing a huge effect on the U.S economy, the financial crisis expanded to Europe and the rest of the world. It brought governments down, ruined economies, crumble financial corporations and impoverish individual lives. For example, the financial crisis has resulted inRead MoreThe Financial Crisis And 2008 Is A Big International Crisis2051 Words   |  9 Pageshave a financial crisis, it depends on the government and banks, which means Australia might go to have a financial crisis in the further year. Banks can reduce the likelihood of having a financial crisis in countries. Many possible ways to have a financial crisis and 2008 is a big international crisis. Australia financial system helped the government to reduce the damage from the 2008 international crisis, ma ny countries except Australia have a serious problem and impact after the crisis. AustraliaRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081419 Words   |  6 Pagesthe recent credit crunch. The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the Global Financial Crisis and 2008 financial crisis, is considered by some economists such as Nouriel Roubini, professor of economics and international business at New York University, Kenneth Rogoff, professor of economics and public policy at Harvard University, and Nariman Behravesh, chief economist and executive vice president for IHS Global Insight, to have been the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression ofRead MoreEffects Of The Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081763 Words   |  8 PagesFinancial crisis of 2007-2008 is widely considered to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of 1930s. The origin of this big storm dated back to the high home prices of the United States. After America’s entire investment banking system was attacked, many industries such as auto industry also went bankrupt. Unfortunately, it spread quickly to the whole world, causing huge damages to the global economy. Th erefore, my study will focus on the effects of the financial crisis of 2007-2008Read MoreThe Global Financial Crisis Of 2007-20082489 Words   |  10 PagesThe Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 has been studied by several economists, and different causes have been identified, both primary and secondary, which intensified the overall impact of the crisis. In my view, the Global Financial Crisis resulted due to a culmination of several policies that interplayed with each other, and significantly influenced all sectors of the economy, from consumers to the government. In this essay, I will be addressing the main underlying causes of the crisis, how theyRead More2008 Financial Crisis: Icelands Then Now Essay examples1558 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of the Crisis On September 15, 2008, the American bank Lehman Brothers, with holdings over 600 billion USD, filed bankruptcy. This was by far the biggest bankruptcy in U.S history and it marked the beginning and the largest financial crisis ever. How can one of the biggest banks in the world fail? How can a bankruptcy in US make someone on the other side of the world unemployed? The answer is Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs) and it all started by new innovations in the financial sector combined

Emotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership - 1107 Words

Emotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to manage one’s emotions in an intelligent manner such that they do not affect the decision-making process. It is also the ability to understand other people emotions, to know the reason for their behaviors and thus be able to communicate with them (Mayer, 2006). Emotional intelligence involves one’s proficiency in realizing and then being able to behaviors, moods and impulses and thus managing these in the best way possible. This is an example explaining the concept of emotional intelligence. In an office, there are two people who had a disagreement with their supervisor. One of the employees was emotionally intelligent and the other one was not. On returning to their homes, one of them started shouting at his children. He acted based on his emotions without thinking about it in an emotionally intelligent way. The other person on returning home, he didn’t shout at the kids despite them being noisy while playing. The main reason that he was feeling bad was his boss and not the children. However, this second person realized his emotions; he thought about it and then acted in an emotionally intelligent way. Emotional Quotient (EQ) is defined as a measure that enables a person to recognize his/her emotions as well as others hence able to manage these emotional states to work better as a team. Intelligence Quotient is defined as the value that shows a person’s abilityShow MoreRelatedEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership1250 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership What is emotional intelligence? â€Å" Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth.† – Mayer Salovery, 1997 Emotionally intelligent leaders are somewhat manipulative. Emotionally intelligent leaders are able toRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership768 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Candice Burnett Professor Judy Smith Mannings BUS520: Leadership and Organizational Behavior 10/31/2015 â€Æ' Abstract Emotions are a quality that each individual possess. Organizations place leaders in place that have an understanding on how to maintain emotions while in upper positions. Leadership is responsible for the emotional standard that is set throughout the organization. Growth and development leads to the success of handling proper emotionalRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership2207 Words   |  9 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership As human beings, individuals are constantly exposed to emotions. It is in our nature to feel and be emotional as our emotions contribute to our humanity. Our ability to manage and be aware of these emotions and that of others is defined to be our emotional intelligence (Boyatzis, 2014). Essentially an individual’s emotional intelligence is related to how that individual handles themselves and their relationships in an emotional sense. This entailsRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership1144 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship co-exist with emotional intelligence (EI) for effective leadership. Leadership can be described as having a social relation with personnel within an organization to support mission goals and purpose. â€Å"Emotional intelligence includes the ability to perceive, express emotions accurately and adaptively†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (as cited in Ramchunder Martins, 2014). EI is a measurement of leaders to observant of others viewpoints as well your o wn judgments and beliefs. Key leadership capabilities involves emotionsRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership1426 Words   |  6 Pages Assignment 1: Emotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Vigilkumar C. Patel BUS520: LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Dr. Eartha Eve Barnett October 29th 2015 â€Å"Emotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership†, one of the most important constructs in leadership today is the concept and application of emotional intelligence (EI). Emotional Intelligence (EQ or EI) is a term created by two researchers named Peter Salavoy and John Mayer who developed it as a psychological theoryRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership The correlation between emotional intelligence (EI) and leadership skills is gaining interest among scholars and business leaders. These professionals are interested in determining how understanding and managing emotions of the self and others affects leadership skills. Moreover, scientists and business professionals are interested in understanding the elements of emotional intelligence. To this end, the concept of emotional intelligence integratesRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership1905 Words   |  8 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability necessary to identify, assess and control the emotions of oneself, other people or entire groups (May, 2013). It means having the skills to control one s emotions, as well as to read the room or interpret the moods and emotions of others with whom one is interacting. As a leader this is invaluable, since it is important to maximize the potential of one s staff. Getting along with others is a keyRead MoreIs Emotional Intelligence Beneficial for Effective Leadership?1509 Words   |  7 Pagesare many different definitions of what emotional intelligence is and exactly which components should be included to comprise it. The most basic model of emotional intelligence is the four branch model described by John Mayer and Peter Salovey in 1997. The key concepts included in the four branch model are: emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions an d emotional meanings, and to reflectively regulateRead MoreLeadership And Emotional Intelligence : An Effective Leader1390 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership and Emotional Intelligence: An effective leader is defined as a person who is followed by the others, in other words â€Å"leadership is a process of influencing others to achieve organizational goals, creating a vision for others and having the power to translate the vision into realism.† Leadership is a skill in which the leader tries to modify and shape the behavior of others. It has been understood throughout the history and culture that people had been looking towards leaders for assuranceRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : An Effective Leadership Skills Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence (EI) is having the ability to recognize, perceive, control, and evaluate one’s emotions. EI is also the ability to see how one’s emotions affect others (Marquis Huston, 2012; Mindtool, 1996-2015). In the healthcare landscape of today, effective leadership skills are critical to an organization. High EI is a skill that effective leaders possess (Sadri, 2012). When a leader has a high EI, they have a clear understanding of their strengths and weaknesses

Analysis Of Dr. Oz s Doctor Oz - 942 Words

Doctor Oz is a clinical psychiatrist, uses regressive hypnosis to try to unlock the personalities battling inside her. As the movie progresses, Dr. Oz develops a chart of her primary three personalities that displays differences. Alice is a left-handed white woman with an IQ of 102. Frankie is a right-handed African American woman with an impressive IQ of 152. Frankie smokes but Alice does not. Genius, the 7 year-old, has an IQ of 156 and needs glasses because she is near-sighted. Thus, there is an evidence that Frankie has disruption of identity characterized by three distinct personality states (DSM-V, p. 292). The alterations in behavior, consciousness, perceptions and cognitions are clearly observed by Dr. Oz. Moreover, there are other scenes in the movie, which demonstrate that other people notice the change in Frankie’s behavior and actions as well: attacking the nurse in the psychiatric hospital, the scene of Paige’s wedding or her breakdown in the laundromat. In addition, through the movie Frankie’s recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal information and traumatic events are well represented: Frankie does not remember buying an expensive dress, beating her mother for the bought necklace, nor hurting a person with a knife on the Paige’s wedding. These are the indications of meeting the criterion B of F 44.81, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DSM-V, p. 292). The scene where the dancers offer Frankie cocaine and she refuses, suggests thatShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Going On With Frankie? : A Psychological Analysis Of Frankie And Alice1416 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Going on with Frankie? : A Psychological Disorder Analysis on Frankie and Alice Every person has experienced a time when they get lost in their thoughts and start to daydream in the middle of an action. You lose track of what’s going on around you. Our thoughts and experiences can become dissociative. Dissociative Disorders causes a disruption of identity and conscious awareness. People who suffer from Dissociative Identity Disorder, they develop two or more distinct identities. These identitiesRead MoreOverview of Health and Self Imagine in Modern Society2015 Words   |  9 Pagesthe media. The naturalized perceptions of the media translate into false ideas about good health and nutrition. Maria del Mar Bibiloni wrote an article called, â€Å"Body Image and Eating Patterns among Adolescents† in which she discusses her research analysis on the habits of teenagers’ self-perception as it relates to eating habits. She found that, â€Å"Fifty-one percent of boys and sixty percent of girls that wished to be thinner had less than or equal to 3 eating occasions per day† (Bibiloni). The peopleRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Symptoms Essay4061 Words   |  17 Pagestreatment is required (Beck, 2016). When symptoms continue beyond ten days or become worse that is when a new mom should consult a doctor (Beck, 2016). Postpartum depression is not as prevalent as the ?baby blues?, but it is much more debilitating and serious. Beck (2016) explains in her article that a meta-analysis conducted in 1996 concluded that 13% of new mother?s experience postpartum depression. Beck (2016) also explains that the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, estimates women experienceRead MoreEssay on Analysis of the Comedy Scrubs1971 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis of the Comedy Scrubs The show Scrubs has 24 episodes and was first aired at 10pm on sky one every Thursday, although not a prime spot in the week, it still had a high viewer rating. It is now playing on channel 4 at 10.35 again on Thursdays. The time it is aired at, shows the adult humour of the programme and some scenes that could be unsuitable for children. I am analysing the first show in the series. In my opinion it is the most important as it determinesRead More20health Benefits of Drinking Wine6132 Words   |  25 Pagesstroke. 13. Study Suggests Why Red Wine Does a Heart Good. 14. Moderate Drinking May Cut Women s Risk of Diabetes. 15. Moderate Drinking May Cut Dementia Risk –Study. 16. Light Drinking May Help Keep Leg Arteries Clear. 17. Wine May Benefit Heart Attack Patients. 18. Moderate Wine Drinking Helps Preserve Women s Mental Functioning. 19. Did You Know - Particular compounds cancer properties. 20. Wine s Heart Disease Benefits Most Pronounced In Women. called polyphenols found in red winesuch asRead MoreA Project Report on Coca Cola and Pepsi6681 Words   |  27 Pages Sampling Technique used 18 2.6) Selection of Sample Size 18 2.7) Sources of Data collection 18 2.8) Statistical Tools Used 18 3) DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 19 4) SUGGESTIONS 40 5) LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 41 6) CONCLUSIONRead MoreImpact of Radio and Television Advertising on Consumer Behaviour Special Referance on Consumer Durable Goods5906 Words   |  24 Pages * ------------------------------------------------- Red Wine * ------------------------------------------------- Sparkling Wine * ------------------------------------------------- White Wine Back to Top Defination of S An  alcoholic beverage  is a  drink  and psychoactive drug[2]  containing ethyl alcohol which is commonly referred to as  ethanol. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes for  taxation and regulation of production:  beers,  wines, and  spirits  (orRead MoreCoco Energy Drink14921 Words   |  60 Pageswater is now touted as a low-calorie, low-sugar hangover cure, natural energy drink, and even â€Å"identical to human blood plasma. With the coconut water claims stacking up, it is important to find out whats healthy and whats just hype. According to Dr. Sourav Poddar, a CU Sports Medicine Specialist, said that coconut water is indeed beneficial. He remembered when stomach issues left him dehydrated while visiting India as a child, coconut water was used to cure him. He also said that it can be usedRead MoreMaterial Protected Under International And Federal Copyright Laws And Treaties8891 Words   |  36 Pagesresponsibility of the reader to e nsure they are adhering to all local, regional and national laws. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. INTRODUCTION A person s diet is made up of the food they eat. Nutrition is the way that the food people eat nourishes their bodies. Good nutrition means your body is getting all the nutrients, vitamins, and minerals it needs to work at its best level. Eating a healthy dietRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesto Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy Peck

Epa Superfund Sites Essay Research Paper ENC free essay sample

Epa Superfund Sites Essay, Research Paper ENC 1102 Ms. Hooton 28 March 1995 The Escambia Treating Company ( ETC ) Superfund Site has been mistreated and neglected for old ages ; a combination of bureaucratism in Washington and authorities intercession in Pensacola have made the state of affairs at the ETC site worse than it has of all time been. Therefore, the surrounding vicinities are wholly uninhabitable. Yet the occupants of these vicinities still live in their houses, some of which are less than 15 pess from the site itself. The Escambia Treating Company treated wood used for public-service corporation poles and foundation piles. ETC operated from 1943 to 1992. The site is located on the east side of Palafox Street, merely North of the Palafox, Fairfield intersection ( Dunham Toxics 1 ) . The company nevertheless, disolved in 1993, after failuing to follow with the ordinances of the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) ( Dunham Industrial 1 ) . The Escambia Treating company was established before there was concern about what effects its activities might hold in the hereafter, and hence, small attention was taken to protect the environment every bit good as the people working at that place ( Dunham Industrial1 ) . Frank Picket, an ex-employee of ETC worked there for 19 old ages, he is besides a occupant of Rosewood Terrace. He tells narratives of the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours operations and happenings at ETC. Harmonizing to Mr. Picket the lone safety Brantley 2 pitch the employees were issued were difficult chapeaus and steel toed boots. They were non provided with any type of gas masks to protect them from the toxic exhausts. He besides tells of coneies and Canis familiariss imbibing out of pools on the ETC site that would decease of poisoning or their hair would fall out when they came in contact with the toxic H2O. The workers at ETC suffered from skin roseolas, and several have died from malignant neoplastic diseases, TB, and bosom jobs. Mr. Picket estimates that 15 to 20 people he knew who worked at ETC died from these type of jobs. He even remembers one of the proprietors enduring from malignant neoplastic disease. Possibly one of the most distressing histories Mr. Picket describes was the method in which ETC disposed of the chemicals in the on site keeping pool. The keeping pool was a big ditch that was lined with cement and held the chemicals that were used to handle the wood. However, for the proprietors of ETC disposing of these c hemicals was much easier than one might conceive of, they merely broke a whole in the cement and allow the chemicals drain out into the environing dirt ( Interview ) . The two chief ingredients used to handle these poles were creosote and pentachlorophenol or PCP. Among the other chemicals used were dioxin, which is a bleaching agent and a signifier of Cl ; PCB s, which are besides found in paper Millss ; and asbestos, which is a known carcinogen ; every bit good as legion others ( Dunham Industrial 1 ) . After several old ages the EPA eventually shut Escambia Treating Co. down when the proprietors were unable to follow with environmental ordinances Brantley 3 ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . With the execution of new ordinances by the EPA, every bit good as all around stricter pro-environment Torahs taking consequence, many industrial companies were expected to clean up their musss at their ain disbursal ( GAIN Can 2 ) . I believe that the original proprietors of Escambia Treating Co. ( Charles Soules and household ) saw these alterations coming, and like smart business communities wanted to acquire out every bit shortly as possible. They did so by turning the company into a stock corporation, and finally sold all of the stock to their employees. Therefore, when the EPA came about and tried to acquire ETC to clean up their act, the shareholders were unable to make so and as a consequence the company went bankrupt. This meant that the Soules household got off without cleaning up their muss, the shareholders lost their investings, and the site remained contaminated with no hope of support for a killing. However, this all changed in 1980 when Congress passed # 8220 ; The Comprehensive Environmental Response, compensation, and Liability Act, # 8221 ; besides known as Superfund. The Act is financed by industry revenue enhancement ( GAIN Can 2 ) . Superfund was originally enacted by Congress two old ages after the ill-famed # 8220 ; Love Canal # 8221 ; incident in New York where the Hooker Chemical Co. was dumping chemical waste in to the abandoned canal and toxins were found oozing into the cellars of near by abodes ( GAIN Partisan 2 ) . The Act outlines how toxic waste sites should be cleaned up and applies merely to the most unsafe toxic waste sites in the US ( GAIN Can 2 ) . Brantley 4 Nine old ages subsequently, Superfund came to Pensacola and began # 8220 ; exigency killing procedures. # 8221 ; One wonders why it took so long for the EPA to react to this exigency. The Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model besides known suitably as SCAM is the EPA s program of action for the Escambia Treating site. This theoretical account nevertheless, was designed for # 8221 ; low-volume # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; low-toxicity # 8221 ; sites ( Dunham Cleanup 2 ) . It was surely non designed for sites the magnitude of Escambia Treating Co. SCAM was designed to be a speedy and inexpensively process for cleaning up toxic waste sites. Some people speculate that the usage of the SCAM theoretical account in Pensacola at the ETC site was a response to unfavorable judgment that Superfund was blowing excessively much clip and money and was non doing any existent advancement ( Dunham Cleanup 2 ) . Many of the nearby occupants were displeased with the actions that the EPA took. When the occupants foremost heard that the EPA was traveling to clean up the site, they were really optimistic. However, when they saw precisely what the EPA was making, they became really concerned. The EPA had programs non merely to clean up the old equipment, leaking membranophones of creosote, and dilapidated edifices, as the occupants had hoped, but they besides intended to clean up all of the contaminated dirt ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . To the insouciant perceiver this likely sounds like a good program, but to the occupants of Rosewood Terrace, Oak Park, Goulding, and Escambia Arms, it was dismaying. It was dismaying because the EPA gave them no warning that the digging would stir up contaminated dust, Brantley 5 and no warning that their wellness was in danger. Furthermore, the EPA refused the aid of several ex-employees of Escambia Treating Co. in turn uping major job countries on and near the site ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . For many old ages occupants of Oakpark and environing countries have been enduring with unwellnesss and malignant neoplastic diseases ; yet no connexion was made to the nearby site, because no 1 had informed them of the danger they were in. Even though both province and federal bureaus had been analyzing dirt and groundwater taint since the 1970 s. However, after the EPA began excavation the abode began to see even more jobs. The toxic dust that was stirred up caused respiratory jobs, relentless tegument roseolas, and firing oculus annoyance. It is besides suspected that lasting harm may hold been inflicted, the consequences of which won Ts show up for old ages. In 1992, as a consequence of their agony, the occupants of the environing countries, every bit good as concerned members of the community began run intoing in order to set a halt to the digging. In their quest to salvage their vicinity and their lives, they discovered that the EPA had no feasible program of action. The degree of taint of the site was non determined before the undertaking was undertaken, nor was there an exigency program of action coordinated with local civil defence functionaries. In add-on, there were on safeguards taken to protect the close by occupants. Yet when this group confronted the EPA with this information, the EPA alternatively that it was nil more than an # 8220 ; olfactory property job # 8221 ; ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . Brantley 6 The EPA took over a twelvemonth to unearth the 260,000 dozenss of contaminated dirt that now sits covered with tarps following to mammoth cavities ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . The occupants were grateful when the EPA ran out of money and were forced to halt excavation, but they were non satisfied. This group of occupants finally became known as Citizens Against Toxic Exposure ( CATE ) , and are now on a run to be relocated. They besides want the ETC site to be expanded so that it will include all of the contaminated countries, including the residential countries environing the site. In add-on to this, CATE would wish to see other protective steps taken ; so that on more taint may happen elsewhere. However, they have been met with great resistance from the authorities. The EPA has even tried to sabotage CATES s credibleness by supplying # 8220 ; false reassurance # 8221 ; to both doctors and functionaries in the community. Furthermore, the EPA has made it about impossible for CATE, or anyone for that affair to obtain any information refering the site or the EPA s program of action ( Dunham Cleanup 2 ) . However, CATE discovered the consequences of proving done at the ETC site and they were amazing. Creosote and PCP were found to be at degrees of 5,000 parts per million ( ppm ) . Dioxin, which is described to as the # 8220 ; most powerful # 8221 ; carcinogen of all time studied by the EPA was found at 300 parts per billion ( ppb ) , that s 300 times the so called # 8220 ; acceptable degree # 8221 ; ( Dunham 1 ) . When in the organic structure, dioxin maps as an unreal endocrine which disturbs the hormone system. Bantley 7 This perturbation may increase the authority of natural endocrines while decreasing others. It besides suppresses the immune system. Because dioxin Acts of the Apostless as a endocrine, it can alter sexual features, metamorphosis, and generative maps. Furthermore, there has been no acceptable degree determined, even in minute measures dioxin is highly unsafe ( Dunham Industrial 1 ) . In add-on, CATE has besides discovered that the EPA would wish to incinerate the toxic sludge and dirt. This class of action is rather surprising sing that the EPA seldom if neer allows private industry to utilize incineration as a agency of disposing of waste, due to its negative impact on the environment. Even more surprising is that incineration is known to bring forth dioxins, a consequence that wholly contradicts what the EPA s supposed intent is at ETC ; that is to clean up risky chemicals, non to bring forth more. Use of incinerators at the ETC site would non merely bring forth more dioxin, but it would besides do toxins that are presently in the dirt to go airborne, leting these contaminations to distribute throughout Pensacola with greater easiness and with wider coverage than presently possible. It would besides do killing impossible ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . Such factors cause me to believe that the EPA has chosen this class of action because they are badly over budget. They wholly underestimated the magnitude of the site, and were non prepared to manage the state of affairs one time Brantley 8 they encountered it. Incineration in known to be one of the cheapest methods of waste disposable ; the waste is merely burned, and the ashes buried. However, there are merely a twosome of drawbacks: the first being that firing waste releases toxic chemicals into the air and the 2nd is that one time the ashes are buried, toxins continue to leach into the dirt. The EPA started exigency killing at the ETC site because of political force per unit area in Washington from environmental and public involvement groups. They wanted to make the occupation rapidly and cheaply because the EPA needed something to do themselves look more appealin g when Congress was debating the destiny of Superfund. Unfortunately, the EPA spot off a little more than it could masticate, and one time once more complete nil it set out to make. One of CATE s major concerns is offsite taint. ETC had no method of incorporating or hive awaying storm H2O overflow and ETC sent employees to nearby abodes after heavy rains to pump out contaminated H2O and spread sand over the contaminated countries on several occasions. The surface H2O overflow from the ETC site non merely distributes contaminated H2O through the backyards of next houses, but the contaminates finally find their manner into local organic structures of H2O. There have been two corroborated effects ensuing from storm H2O overflow, the first being the degree of dioxin and other contaminates on the residential sites was found to be twice that of the ETC site taint ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . This is most likely due to the accretion of toxins over Brantley 9 the old ages. The rain H2O rinses the contaminations from the site and onto environing countries ; hence, the degree of taint is higher in environing countries than that of the existent site itself. The 2nd consequence is that the contaminates from the ETC site have leached into the land H2O. These contaminates have formed a plume and are presently traveling Southeast toward the imbibing H2O aquifer. It has been discovered that this plume from the ETC site has joined with a plume from the Agrico Chemical fertiliser works site, another Superfund site, and both are presently headed in the same way ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . It is besides suspected that these contaminations will make Bayou Texar in one to three old ages. It is non yet known what the consequence of the contaminations in the bayou will be. However, they are non anticipate to be good. In add-on to this, out of the 1000000s of dollars that has been spent by the authorities on the ETC site, there has been no money spent on resettlement of the people populating next to the site. Dr. Jole Hirschhorn, a proficient adviser for Superfund was quoted as stating, # 8220 ; if the EPA determined that the taint degrees at the Escambia site were high plenty and endangering adequate to justify an expensive digging, how could it let occupants to stay populating on land instantly following to the site that was even more contaminated than the site itself? # 8221 ; This statement absolutely expresses the ideas and feelings of CATE ( Dunham Cleanup 2 ) . Hearing the grounds myself, I excessively wondered why the Brantley 10 EPA did non relocate or at least warn the occupants of Rosewood Terrace and the environing vicinities. However, the ETC site in Pensacola is merely a little portion of a much bigger job. This job, like most of our states jobs resides in Washington DC. Legislation of the Superfund act has been pledged with jobs from the beginning. Called one of the state s most dearly-won and uneffective environmental Torahs, the plan has been mismanaged and neglected for old ages. There are several jobs with the current Superfund jurisprudence: Superfund is invariably entangled in eternal judicial proceeding of who is traveling to pay for the clean up of contaminated sites ; this of class leads to surging costs in operation, something for which Superfund is ill-famed ( GAIN Partisan 2 ) . In add-on, this allows less clip for existent clean up and more clip in the courtroom. Even though the EPA has authorization to coerce defilers to pay for clean up, frequently times defilers will turn around and run up smaller companies to pay for clean up alternatively. In the 15 old ages of the Torahs being at that place has been 1,177 sites designated as Superfund state broad, with an extra 100 sites added to the list yearly, and of these 1,177 sites merely 217 have been declared # 8220 ; clean. # 8221 ; Cleanup clip of these sites norms nine old ages with an mean killing cost of $ 25 million ( GAIN Partisan 2 ) . In add-on 75 % of these sites require long term care. Brantley 11 In 1993, several House and Senate hearings were held to reform and reauthorize Superfund. Argument in the hearings was focused on four major ends: # 8220 ; 1 ) increase the rate of killing ; 2 ) cut down plan costs ; 3 ) increase the equity of the procedure, and eventually ; 4 ) defilers should pay for killing ( GAIN Can 2 ) . # 8221 ; The Superfund jurisprudence expired October 1, 1994 ; However, funding for the jurisprudence is non expected to run out until the terminal of this twelvemonth. Congress has until so to come to an understanding on precisely how to reform and reactivate Superfund. In an effort to rush up this procedure and derive a political bridgehead in Congress, the Clinton disposal introduced the Superfund reform measure to Congress in 1994. However, the measure was buried in October and did non come up once more until January of this twelvemonth ( GAIN Partisan 1 ) . Argument in Congress over the reform measure produced several amendments which were added to the House version ( HR 3800 ) . However, such amendments may compromise the measures endurance. The measure, a merchandise of the National Commission on Superfund, # 8220 ; a wide alliance of industry, environmental groups, authorities, and others organized by the non-profit-making Keystone Center of Colorado, and an disposal proposal, besides drawn up by a wide alliance # 8221 ; is a consequence of via media between the groups in the alliance. Any alterations made in Congress may ensue in members Brantley 12 of the alliance retreating their support and thereby take downing the credibleness of the measure. Clinton s reform measure promises to rush up killings by 10 to 20 % . It besides promises to cut outgos by 25 % . National killing degrees would be set for contaminates found most frequently at Superfund sites. Generic killing methods would besides be established for similar sites, and future usage of the of the land would be taken into consideration when finding how clean a site must be. The EPA is anticipating the new program to cut privet judicial proceeding costs by more than 50 % ( GAIN Superfund 2 ) . The reform measure would besides affect community militants, where they were once excluded. While the Clinton reform measure looks fantastic on paper, it is my feeling that it will non be implemented in the manners it was intended to be. All the things the measure sets out to carry through are of a good nature and purpose ; nevertheless, in Washington measures that become Torahs have a ill-famed repute despite reassurances, of bing the taxpayers more money which is about ever mismanaged and squandered on something other than its intended intent. One merely needs to look at the current Superfund measure, which was implemented with the most baronial of purposes to see the waste. I do non believe that Congress or the EPA or the authorities for that affair can efficaciously clean up toxic waste sites. I believe that lone persons who are personally effected by these toxic waste sites can coerce those responsible to take duty for their Brantley 13 carelessness. In the instance of the Escambia Treating Company, the issue of liability arises. Is the Soules household responsible for the killing of the site? Is the Soules household responsible for resettlement of the local abode, should they pay for their medical measures that have accumulated due to illnesss caused by exposure to contaminations, and should they foster counterbalance them for the dramatic loss in belongings value the occupants has suffered since their land has been contaminated? I believe that the Soules household is responsible for all of these things. While it is true that the EPA did decline the status every bit far as the abode were concerned, there would neer hold been a job in the first topographic point if ETC did non pollute the site. Furthermore since the belongings seemingly has no other proprietor than Escambia Treating, and Escambia Treating is no longer in being, the lone apt party I can happen is the Soules household themselves. While it is true that the Soules household did non have the company during its last old ages of operation, most of the taint of the site and the environing residential countries occurred while the Soules still owned ETC. It is my sentiment that the Soules household is responsible for the taint of both the site and the environing residential countries, every bit good as for the wellness jobs caused by exposure to these chemicals experienced by any of the environing abode. I feel that the Soules household is disregarding the issue for several grounds, foremost and most significantly because they can. The Soules household is non lawfully responsible for any harm caused by ETC. This is because the Soules household Brantley 14 sold all their portions in the company after turning it into a stock corporation in 1982. Once they sold their stock they were no longer apt for anything ETC did in the yesteryear or hereafter. I besides believe, based on general reaction, they merely do non care. The state of affairs is peculiarly easy to disregard because of the societal position of the Soules household in Pensacola. It is besides easy to disregard because of the societal position of the occupants of the environing vicinities. However, I do believe that despite the initial apathy towards the state of affairs, more people in the community are get downing to take an involvement and demoing some concern towards the state of affairs at the ETC site and the environing countries. They are coming to recognize that the state of affairs at ETC effects all of Pensacola and non merely the abodes of Rosewood Terrace, Oak Park, and Goulding. Hopefully this new found involvement will convey CATE one measure closer to carry throu ghing their ends. This new found involvement may besides convey to illume what the EPA has done and force people to acquire more active in authorities activities. Possibly by understanding what the EPA has done at the ETC site will do people to go funny about other governmental activities. As for the Soules Family, I do non believe that they are traveling to pay one cent for killing or resettlement. The fact that they withdrew from the corporation makes them apt for nil. Even if CATE did take legal action towards the Soules household, I do non believe they would acquire really far. Unfortunately it appears that the Soules household is traveling to acquire off scott free. What is even more Brantley 15 unfortunate nevertheless, is the fact that the lone current proprietor of the ETC site on the books is Escambia Treating Company. Due to the fact that ETC is no longer in being they have non paid their revenue enhancements for several old ages. This means that the City of Pensacola may take ownership of the site and the load of killing may fall on the taxpayers of the metropolis. Not merely has the Soules household burdened the unsuspicious occupants of Rosewood Terrace, Oak Park, and Goulding, but they may besides consequence the billfolds of every unsuspicious occupant of the City of Pensacola. It is unfortunate that those who caused the job in the first topographic point will non be those who fix it. However, the Soules household is non straight responsible for the wellness jobs caused during the EPA proceedings at the ETC site. Therefore, I believe that the EPA should relocate the occupants of the environing communities. I believe they should besides pay for any related medical disbursals. The EPA is at mistake in this case. They did non warn anyone that they would be delving, nor did they take any safeguards. It is for these grounds that I believe that the EPA should take duty in this case.

Perceptual Mapping free essay sample

A detailed explanation of how perceptual mapping works, what it does, and what are its critical assumptions †¢An application of how perceptual mapping was used, i. e. , describing an application of the tool in detail, focusing on procedure, calculations, results, and interpretation. Background Branding; is defined by Charles W. Lamb, co-author of Marketing: sixth edition; as a name, term, symbol, design, or combination thereof that identifies a seller’s product or service and differentiates them from competitors’ products. Perhaps, the successful of many businesses has been attributed to the positioning of a product or service associated to a brand that consumers would easily grasp and differentiate from other products within a category. Understanding how consumers store information in memory is essential in brand development, according to Dawn Iacobucci, editor of Kellogg on Marketing. A product or service â€Å"brand† might have three types of associations: attributes, people, and occasions. â€Å"Attributes are physical characteristics of a product such as its color, size, and flavor. People and occasions together are regarded as image. Most brand positioning involves a combination of attributes and image. Perhaps, consumers typically do not make decisions on the basis of attributes or image alone. Rather they use a combination of both to infer some benefit, adds Iacobucci. A benefit is an abstract concept such as convenience, pleasure, or fun. The rationale for a benefit is the fact that it has some attributes or that certain people use it on particular occasions. An example is how the beer industry emphasize the taste benefit supported by specifying the brand’s choice by showing young adults enjoying it at social gatherings, sports, or at home with friends. Therefore, perceptual mapping has become essential in the development or repositioning of a product or service for any marketing manager. Since perceptual mapping, according to Dr. Zafar Iqbal PhD professor of marketing at DePaul University, is a special representation in which customer perceptions for competitors’ brands are represented in a Euclidean space. Consequently, the use of perceptual mapping as a marketing tool allows marketing managers to identify and visualize a map of the marketplace in which the brands are positioned against one another vying for the spot in which consumers desire the most. Perceptual Mapping In order to create a reliable visual representation of the market input from customers or the target market are key. Perhaps, perceptual mapping provides a visual representation of customer’s perceptions. Consequently, perceptual maps are useful for deciding product positioning or repositioning; comparison between companies’ views of product positioning with customers’ perceptions; or identifying a competitive set(s). To develop the map, at least four focus group needs to be conducted in order to identify which are the attributes of the products or services that are characteristics and relevant. The attributes and products would vary according to the objective of the study. Perhaps, the study could have a strategic positioning or tactical positioning objective. Subsequently, once all attributes are identified, the development and implementation of a survey is essential in order to obtain perception data. The survey would ask consumers using the attribute rating method (AR) and overall similarity method (OS). The AR method would ask consumers to rate a list of attributes for each product or service. Once the perception data is obtained through the survey. Using factor analysis, the data would be reduced without significant loss of information and find systematically underlying patterns and inter-relationships among variables (attributes). Moreover, the use of factor analysis would allow the individual(s) to use the input (brands x attributes) to create a matrix of standardized scores for each brand and attribute, as long as the rotation sums of squared loading of the total variance explained for the second component (attribute) together with the first is equal or above 60 per cent. Moreover, the through factor analysis would provide a rotated component matrix (VARIMAX) for each of the attributes assigning coordinates, allowing the individual to plot each of them into the perceptual map. Additionally, a component score matrix would be posted as two additional columns to the original data, providing coordinates for each of the brands. By plotting the coordinates for both brands and attributes in their respective quadrants, the perceptual map is, simultaneously, being drawn. Hence, other brands could be group by competitive clusters and positioning to which the brand at study could be compared in relation to other base on preference. Moreover, the map would provide good and bad gaps, and recommendations could be made as how to occupy good gaps and avoid to fall into bad gaps base on which attributes or perceptions to improve and/or communicate. Additionally, recommendations can also be made according to which positioning is desire, according to which exact quadrant to move into and exact location on the map. However, the recommendations and positioning strategy are based on a set of three assumptions. Since it is based on a snapshot of costumers’ current perceptions. Assumptions I. It pair-wise distances between product or service alternatives directly indicated by perceive similarities or differences between any pairs. Perhaps, the distance between brands is determined by the perception in the costumers’ mind and whether the products are similar or different from each other. For example, the costumers’ perception of American Eagle clothes is similar to Abercrombie Fitch. Therefore, both brands would be positioned closer than if it is compare with Tommy Hilfiger. II. The attributes, described as vectors on the map, indicate both magnitude and direction. Perhaps, the brands could fall under different points on the preference line. Nonetheless, the magnitude in which one brands is preferred over other cannot be measured nor can be estimated. Every decision would have to be taken by inference according to the map. III. The brands would be positioned according to the coordinates and the place in the axes of the maps would represent or suggest the underlying dimensions (or factors) that best characterize how costumers differentiate between alternatives. The manufacturers or engineers could perceive their product very different from others; however, customer’s perceptions could be very different and associate the product with another one. The table above represent the averages of the responses obtain from the survey, which use a scale from one to seven, one being strongly disagreed and seven being strongly agree. Once the data is collected, based on the perception of individuals for each of the brands and attributes. The following step is, to perform a factor analysis to reduce the data without significantly loosing to much information and systematically find the inter-relationships among the different variables (attributes). The outcome of the factor analysis indicates that the total variance explained with two attributes have a rotation sums of square loading of 66. 78 per cent, which the standard by the industry must be above 60 per cent. The study positioned United Colors of Benetton (Benetton) in the complete opposite position in which Benetton wants to be (See Graph A). The brands that are leading the market that Benetton would like to enter are: Tommy Hilfiger, Banana Republic, and Hugo Boss – listed on order of preference according to the study. These brands have been clustered as the I’m a Young Professional group (See Graph B). Based on the desire of Benetton to reposition itself as the preferred clothing store for young professionals in the United States. Benetton would have to move into one of the three open spaces, in the consumers’ minds, that falls under the direction of preference and the desired position of Benetton. (See Graph C) Based on the desired repositioning of Benetton and its current position, I suggest that Benetton should develop their marketing strategies to position itself into Space A. Since moving into Space B or Space C, which are, at the moment, to far out of the current state that it would be to costly at the moment. Moreover, the marketing strategies should emphasize the following attributes in order to reposition Benetton into a more competitive positioning for the preferred clothing for the U. S. young professional: (See Graph D) Primary Attributes a)Business Casual b)Standard Colors c)Designs On-Edge (i. e. fitting designs, delineate and exalts the body) Auxiliary Attributes a)High Quality b)Delicate c)Premium-price Item By embracing the attributes stated above, Benetton would be able to re-position into a more competitive and preferred market space.