The Problem Of Police Misconduct - 905 Words

The problem of police misconduct related to sexual violence against women has affected the Kenyan community for many decades now. The issue concerning women security should be handled with caution so as to achieve the goal of gender equality in Kenya and the world as a whole. Disturbing statistics reveal how misuse of power by the police worsened the awful conditions that faced women. The police unit is supposed to protect all members of the societies that were closely linked to the sexual violence against women. Some of the sexual abuse cases reported to the police were easily overlooked with the police collaborating with the offenders to undermine the rights of women. Besides, the police in their peacekeeping missions exerted excess force against unarmed civilians. The males received thorough beatings, while females were intimidated, harassed, and raped by the police. Victims of sexual violence committed by the police during the post-election violence have the right to get their ju stice through punishment of the guilty police and compensation for their losses. Background to the Problem During depressing periods of civil unrest and war, it is women and children who suffer most of the crimes against humanity that include rape, physical mutilation, and even death. Women are perceived as weak and an inferior sex in most societies. Therefore, the women are vulnerable to all sorts of social and psychological turmoil associated with the effects of brutal sexual experiences.Show MoreRelatedIs Police Misconduct Been A Problem For Decades?896 Words   |  4 PagesEssay # 3 Police misconduct has been a problem for decades. People have been; falsely imprisoned, beaten, robbed, raped, and killed at the hands of corrupt cops. This has been a problem for a long time to a diverse group of people, however, it has always and continues to be a major problem for black or African American people. African Americans have been brutalized and killed by corrupt cops since the 1600’s, sadly this behavior continues in the year 2016. The United States government should putRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effects On The United States898 Words   |  4 Pages Brutality, corruption, and misconduct in police, or people in high ranking organizations, can be backtracked all the way to early times. There was not a good way to keep record of these instances, but the earliest known case of police brutality happened on June 10, 1893 and was reported on by the New York Times. Officer McManus tried to subdue a suspect and when he the suspect did not comply, McManus used exc essive force to subdue the man. This was seen and the New York Times was told and becauseRead MorePolice misconduct essay1038 Words   |  5 Pages105 Police Misconduct What is police misconduct? It can be defined as any action performed by a law enforcement officer that is unethical by established employment guidelines, unconstitutional, or a crime with in itself. When people hear the term â€Å"police misconduct† they automatically think of a police officer using unnecessary force against a civilian. While that is a form of police misconduct it is not only form. Throughout this paper I will bring light to the many types of police misconductRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Police Agency Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesPolice agencies have been traumatized with allegations of corruption and misconduct almost since the inception of law enforcement. In most organizations, an employee investigation is a sensitive issue. The employee being investigated can become unsettled, many times mentally and emotionally exhausted. Employees directly and indirectly involved can also become emotionally drained. Consider the impact an internal affairs investigatio n has within a police agency as it struggles to maintain the confidenceRead MorePolice Brutality : Public And Critical Eye1052 Words   |  5 PagesOntiveros Mr. Haven ENG110-23 April 13, 2016 Police Brutality Throughout many year police has become more aggressive towards the people of color. They have excessively used their power to discriminate and brutally beat minorities. Police brutality is a very serious problem that many Americans face today. Police should be held accountable for their misconduct towards people of color and be punished severely. Police action in particularly to police abuse has come to the attention of the world wideRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States1630 Words   |  7 Pages Police Brutality is an ongoing problem and existent concern in the United States and should be resolved immediately. Law enforcement must function as an element that consists of organized and civilized officers. The presence of police brutality is becoming more of an issue as society grows. The problem posed by the illegal exercise of police power is an ongoing reality for individuals of a disfavored race, class, or sexual orientation. Police brutality must be stopped so that police do not forgetRead MorePolice Officer Is Not Wrong, And The Civilians997 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A now-former area police chief face public corruption charges. He was accused of using a city credit card to pay for a trip to Hawaii† (John 2014). Police officers have done a lot of wrong things in the past, some examples are: gratuiti es, bribery, and brutality. Although there are plenty of instances where the officer is not wrong, and the civilians are in the wrong. Some people wonder what exactly leads a police officer to bribery, and some bribery cases are civilians lying. A large solution toRead MorePolice Ethics and Deviance1125 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Ethics and Deviance Ethics and the police is a subject that most people are interested in. When people use the words ethics and police in the same sentence, people usually think of police deviance, police corruption, misconducts such as drug and alcohol abuse, sexual violence, domestic disputes, and violence within families. Most common subjects people most associate with police ethics is police brutality, police deception, and abuse of their authority. Police officers in the UnitedRead MorePolice Misconduct And The Crime Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the last decade, publicized events of police violence have exploded. The force that was meant to serve and protect has become one of the most criticized groups in society. With more and more visibility of police misconduct in the news, people have taken up ideological arms against these biased actions. After the 2012 murder of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin and acquittal of vigilante George Zimmerman for the crime, #BlackLivesMatter became a call to action to stop the dehumanizing violenceRead MoreTraditional Organizational Structures Of Policing Agencies1013 Words   |  5 PagesTraditional Organizational Structures of Policing Agencies The principle role of police organizations is to uphold and enforce the law. Police organizations achieve this by safeguarding life and property, maintaining public order, and through detecting and preventing crime. Policing at the state level is composed of separate police organizations. At the state level we have the City or Local Police, County Sheriff and State Police, also known as Highway Patrol or State Troopers. The U.S. government gives

Business Plans on Tender coconut - 1172 Words

Business Plan COMPANY PROFILE †¢ Company name :- Tender coco. †¢ Place :- 7th milestone, Mumbai highway Road, Belgaum (Kar) †¢ Company Business- The project is based on the processing of coconut water â€Å"with flavors the packaging of the same in Sachet tetra packs add sell them. â€Å"We are into this business to earn money, generate employment and ensure quality prices to farmers and quality product to customers.† Why this location- Belgaum †¢ Few distance from major cities like Mumbai 500, Bangalore 502, Hyderabad 515,Panji 150 km. †¢ We benefit coconut farmers in Belgaum district. †¢ We buy coconuts from them at a competitive rate, process ,pack and sell them. †¢ Karnataka is the third largest coconut producing state,†¦show more content†¦Distribution Channel Belgaum Delhi Mumbai Within region PRICING As a new comer our pricing strategy is to introduce our products in the market at lower prices so as to create huge demand in the market and then compete with other competitors. As we come up in the demand, we will increase our prices and will provide more efficient and affordable drinks . P r i c i n g Po l i c y †¦ ïÆ'Ëœ Apply the concept of providing quality product at optimum price ïÆ'Ëœ Provide Lucrative discounts, deals and schemes ïÆ'Ëœ Adopt sales oriented objective ïÆ'Ëœ Have one price policy to maintain a goodwill among customers. Factors†¦ The factors which will contribute to the success for our juice demands in market: †¢ High consumer retention rate †¢ Price, a competitive advantage †¢ Natural product †¢ Great distribution network †¢ Well – Health product P ro m o t i o n a l I d e a s ïÆ'ËœChange beverage choices in vending machines at school and collages ïÆ'ËœAssess the financial impact on school and collage profits ïÆ'ËœIdentify approaches to promote healthful beverage choices and maintain profits for schools and collages Long-Term Strategy Contd†¦. ïÆ'Ëœ Change advertising on beverage vending machines ïÆ'Ëœ Change beverage choices to water, sports drinks, and 100% fruit juices ïÆ'Ëœ Collect and submit monthly financial data from school andShow MoreRelatedKerafed Projecct9056 Words   |  37 Pagesfirst plant opened at Puthiyakavu, Karunagappally with a capacity of 200ml of copra crushing in the year 1991. Now the plant is functioning with the most modern most hygienic atmosphere. Coconut oil complex at Karunagappally in Kollam District houses state-of the art facilities for extraction is one of the largest coconut oil mill in the sub-continent with an installed capacity of 200TPD. 1.2. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY This study aims to get knowledge about a company’s organizational function. And alsoRead MoreReading Has Many Benefits1604 Words   |  7 Pageswestern tourists soaking in the sun on our beaches or a few drinkers doing happy hours at a hotel bar and get paranoid. Even without the physical presence of these tourists and their lifestyle, we cannot isolate ourselves and live under the proverbial coconut shell and banish those scenes from our thoughts and life. Given this age of satellite television, we have to live and cope with the presence of this brand or any other brand of foreign culture, the money tourism brings in is much needed. Besides,Read MoreEssay on Busn 319 Marketing Plan3750 Words   |  15 PagesSTUDENT MARKETING PLAN FOR â€Å"THE SPOT CAFE† A Marketing Plan Presented by: Robinson Paulino Table of Contents 1. Background 1 2. Strategic Focus and Plan 1 Mission Statement 1 Goals 1 Competitive Advantage 2 3. Situation Analysis 2 SWOT Analysis 2 Competitor Analysis 3 Company Analysis 3 Customer Analysis 4 Industry Analysis 4 4. Market-Product Focus 4 Marketing and Product Objectives 4 Market-Product Grid 5 TargetRead MoreProblems Faced by Coir Industry Indis11436 Words   |  46 Pagesexploited earlier. Efforts have been stepped up to popularize Coir products in India by various organizations both in Public and Private sectors and to penetrate to huge market that exists for floor covering and other applications. In the meantime, Coconut cultivation also got spread over in many regions other than the traditional areas like Tamil Nadu, in a significant way. Prominent among the states other than Tamil Nadu, which have promoted coir industry, are Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh andRead MoreNatural Ice Cream Case Study2867 Words   |  12 Pagesstopped his education and brought him to Mumbai and the second was his split with his brother and their business venture in Mumbai – Gokul, a chain of restaurants serving ice creams, fast food and juices. The split with his brother was in 1984 and he realized that if he had to prove himself he had to initiate a very novel idea and enterprise on it. What dawned on him was to introduce a business venture in which he had domain expertise as well as one which would be unique, and hence he decided uponRead MoreBiness Plan5741 Words   |  23 PagesAssignment On â€Å"Business Plan for Introducing a New Business Plan† Submitted to: Md. Tanvir Pavel Senior Lecturer Dept. of Business Administration ASA University Bangladesh Submitted by: |Name |ID # | |Ahammed Sorif |ID # 081-12-0260 | |Nazia Dilshad Read MoreDessert Buffet Marketing Plan14068 Words   |  57 Pagesthe thousands of tourists, both local and foreigners, who visit Thailand every year. We plan to manipulate our location in the center of the city to our utmost advantage. We start our business plan by doing several analyses. We embark with situation analysis which concerns about market demographic, market demand, product life cycle, SWOT analysis, competitive analysis and product offering. It initiates our plan to study overall dessert industry for internal and external factors that would contributeRead MoreTaxation in India7533 Words   |  31 Pageshuge amount of revenues to fund the economic growth of the country. The tax department took great care to plan the tax structure not only with the aspect to widen the income tax base, but also to look for alternate taxes and to eradicate tax avoidance .The department was severely tested due to the high volumes of work. Some of the prominent taxes that came into existence were: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Business Profits Tax (1947) Capital Gains (1946-48 to 1956) Estate Duty (1953) Wealth Tax (1957) Expenditure TaxRead MoreExport Policy in Bangladesh9700 Words   |  39 Pagesthe exporters on the rules and regulations of international trade. There is no denying the fact that the present trading system, especially the export in business is experiencing increased use of modern technology and this, in turn, is helping the exporters become more competitive. On the other hand, the objectives of reducing cost of doing business alongside enhancement of the efficiency of exporters through increased use of modern technology in the export sector could be attained. The government isRead MoreWhat Is A Story In The Story Chapter 15916 Words   |  24 Pageslearn everything she could about Thomas Jackson. He did not bore her at all. In fact, she was more interested in Thomas Jackson than she had ever been of anything or anyone else in her almost sixteen years of life. â€Å"I own a shipping business- so far I have two ships, but plan to one day own a fleet of them,† Thomas responded. â€Å"I travel extensively between the states and Europe, supplying Europe with cotton, sugar, rice, indigo, and tobacco and the states with silks, fabrics, and occasionally, indentured

Personal Income Taxation Economic Papers

Questions: 1. The tax implications of the sale of his first house and purchase of new house, including anyexemptions available and noting any additional information you may require from Jacob.Calculate the assessable gain, if any. 2. The tax implications of the expenditure on his house. 3. The tax implications of receiving the apple watch and bravery medal. 4. The assessability and deductibility of all the other items listed in the information as youcalculate Jacobs taxable income for the year ended 30 June 2016. 5. The tax payable/ (refundable) for Jacob f or the year ended 30 June 2016, including alladditional levies and tax offsets. Answers: Introduction: As per the personal information provided and monetary plans put forward by you we have prepared a letter of advice so that we can provide you with the guidance and advice which will be based on your tax consequences. The report presented to you will be helpful in determining the appropriate tax benefit under the ITAA 1997. The act lays down that each of the Australian resident shall be accountable to pay tax depending upon the sources of income earned (Barkoczy 2016). These sources may consist of income generated from Australian sources or from overseas sources. On performing a detailed assessment of the documents submitted by you it is understood by us that you satisfy all the criteria to be called as an Australian resident. GST on disposal of house property: You have purchased the old house property on October 31st 1987 and this does not constitute a pre-CGT asset. Since the date of acquisition of the house property is before 20th September 1999, the cost base of such asset will be assessed under the indexation method. Furthermore, it is discovered that you have held the asset for a period of more than two years and being an individual taxpayer you can avail the facilities of indexation method or take into the consideration the method of 50% exemption as per your suitability (Butler 2013). From the details provided by you it is found that you intend to dispose off your house property in the existing assessment year which forms the CGT asset as stated under Section 108-5 (1) of ITAA 1997. The status of the CGT asset is dependent upon the date of acquisition (Freebairn 2012). We would further like to put forward that the date of acquisition forms an important constituent in determining the capital gains tax. This states that whether the assets is acquired on or before 21 September 1985 will be assumed as pre-CGT asset and revenues earned from such assets shall be liable to tax exemptions. Cost of the assets acquired or held after 21st September 1985 but before 20 September 1999 is computed under the indexation method at the time of computation of tax. Following such situations, a taxpayer shall not be eligible for 50 per cent exemption if an asset falls under the index cost base. Cost base of the asset: Cost base of any property constitutes the purchase cost of the asset acquired. As per the details mentioned by you it is found that during the time of acquisition, you incurred the expense on legal cost and stamp duty relating to the purchase of the house property. As stated under section 110-25 expenses incurred at the time of procurement of property is included in the total cost base (Gilders 2012). As per the indexation method, index values associated with the expenses incurred at the time of procurement must be included in the purchase price of the property. Upon analysis we noticed that a supplementary expenses were incurred by you to make the property disposable. Under the indexation method and 50% exemption method, supplementary expenses incurred must be included with the original value while computing the cost base of the property. Exemption for residential property: Any capital gains derived from the sale of residential property is exempted from tax. Upon analysing your document, we found that you have used house as a main residence barring the phase from 31st October 2006 to 31st December 2014. We would like to put forward that you are not eligible to avail full exemption, as the property used for resident by you was unused and remained vacant for eight consecutive years (Jones 2016). Thus, you can claim for exemption for the rest of the period and you are only advised to pay capital gains for a period of eight years. Calculating capital gains: A detail calculationis conducted on the disposal of property and capital gains for both indexation method and 50 per cent exemption method (Kenny 2013). The calculation is done keeping mind the rules and assumptions as discussed above; From the above stated calculation of capital gains it is noticed that the under the 50 per cent reduction method capital gains will be lower than that of the indexation method. Sum generated from the capital gains under the 50 per cent reduction must be taken into the consideration as your statutory income. Assessable income: Assessable incomes are usually classified under two heads, which is either under the ordinary income or as statutory income. According toDivision 15, ITAA 1997 Ordinary Incomeconsists of those income which is generated from the normal course of business activities. On the other hand, statutory income consists of those incomes, whichis derived from the unusual or accidental activities (Minas and Lim 2013). The status of you earnings is listed below; Income earned from salaries: From the analysis, it is found that you are teacher by profession and earn salary by imparting teachings to your employees. According to section, 15-3 of ITAA 1997 such earnings are considered in the form of payment received on return to work which is assessable as ordinary income (Nel 2016). Franked dividend: According to the documents, it is also noticed that you must state the full amount in the assessment of tax at the time of filling return. Apart from this, you shall be avail the facilities of subtracting the franking sum of credit from the gross amount of tax. Holiday earned on opening of bank account: It is found that you have received a cash amount from bank because of holiday for opening up the bank account, which will be included in the assessable income. According to under section 21A,holiday represents non-cash benefits which is capable of being expressed in monetary value not forming the part of employment is taken into the consideration as ordinary income while assessing tax (Wallace 2015). Family tax benefit: As per the analysis perform based on the documents received, it is found that you receive family benefit tax. We would like to put forward that you must show these expenses in your assessable income and can avail the facility of offsetting the same at the time of computation of total tax (Wallis 2013). We would like to like inform you that family tax benefit for a depended child up the age of 21 years is excluded from the assessable income. Watch received as gift: Upon assessment, it is noticed that you have received gift for being the lifesaver and the gifts received by you was completely unintentional. Thus, it should be noted that gifts does not forms the part of assessable income while computing tax. Deductions allowed: Any expenses incurred for regular livings are not considered as the part of assessable income. However, any such expenses occurred at the time of generating income from any source then such expenses are considered for deductions under the assessable income (Colemanet al. 2013). Deductions can be claimed under the following expenses; Purchase of work clothes and shoes: As per the documents submitted by you it is found from the employer that official uniform is accepted by the concerned authority and you are eligible to claim deductions from your assessable income (Minas and Lim 2013). According to Under division 34 of ITAA 1997youcan also make an application for such expenses being occurred on procurement of clothes and shoes after accepting it under the register of approved occupational clothing. Work related car expenses: As stated under the Division 900 ITAA 1997any form of expense is incurred for deriving incomes being associated with work and employment shall be available for deductions. Upon assessment and documents provided it is found that depreciation on car is not charged by you. It is noteworthy to denote that not all car expenses are entitled for deductions (Woellneret al. 2016). Depreciation is a part of car expenses and it should be calculated under the Division 900 ITAA 1997. On evaluation, it is found that the car ran 25,000kms and 5600 alone was used for occupational related activities. Therefore, from the total car expenses incurred a part of such sum is available for deductions at the time of assessing the assessable income associated with work. Below listed is the computation of your deductible car expenses; Cost incurred for studying: Upon assessment, it is noticed that you have continued you studies so that you can gain promotions. According to section 8-1,you can avail deductions on expenses incurred for your personal educations. However, you cannot avail the facility of claiming deductions for expenses occurred at the time of purchasing laptop, as it is capital in nature (Wood, Ong and Winter 2012). Superannuation contribution: We would like to put forward that your employment sums up more than 10% of the total income. Thus, you are not eligible to claim any sort of deductions for your superannuation contribution. Fees for tax agent: Fees incurred towards certified tax agent at the time of filing return will not be taken into consideration in the form of deductible expenses; Computation of total income: Net amount of taxable return is laid down for the year 2015-16 as per the stated discussions and assumptions made; As per the information derived it is understood that the taxable income stands as $1,10,580 and you will be considered for assessment under the income slab of $80,001 to $180,000. You are also required to pay $17,547 and 37% of the additional income for having an earnings of more than the prescribe slab of $80,000. You are also required to pay 2% of the Medicare charge upon the amount of net tax (Yingeret al. 2016). However, it is found that you already have a dependent child so you shall be exempted from paying Medicare levy surcharge. Along with this, we are also providing you advise on areas where to claim for offsets; Franking credit: It is important to denote that the franking credit derived from the dividend can be put forward for deductions from the total amount of tax payable; Family tax benefit: Family tax benefit is exempted at the time of computation of tax. In addition to this, the information put forward by you in the assessable income qualifies for deductions from the total amount of tax (Krantz et al. 2012). From the above stated discussions and assumptions the total amount of tax payable for the period of 2015-16 is calculated below; Recommendations: Upon assessment, it is found that you intend to sell the house property and buy a new house. However, after going through the documents provided by you it is advisable that you can also sublet the house on rent and then opt for purchase. This will allow you to pre-pay your amount of interest on the investment property and make yourself eligible for claiming deductions. Despite the house being positively or negatively geared, this will help you in putting forward the claims upon the rental property upon being the principle owner of the property. We would like to further advice you that you can also put forward you claim for offset on the work related expenses such as telephone cost and subscription cost. Along with this, you can also make yourself eligible for claiming educational offset for your family by up to 50% of the items such as educational software, home computers, textbooks and cost of stationeries. Hence, we expect that the above stated discussions and recommendations have been helpful in addressing your tax related queries and have offered you complete satisfactions. Reference: Barkoczy, S., 2016. Core tax legislation and study guide.OUP Catalogue Butler, D. 2013, "Superanuation: Excess contributions tax", Taxation in Australia, vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 450-452. Coleman, C., Hart, G.E., Bondfield, B., McKerchar, M.A., McLaren, J., Sadiq, K. Ting, A. 2013, Australian tax analysis: cases, commentary, commercial applications and questions, 9th edn, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited, Pyrmont, N.S.W. Freebairn, J. 2012, "Personal Income Taxation", Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 18-23. Gilders, F.M. 2012, Understanding taxation law 2012, [6th], 2012. edn, LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood, N.S.W. Jones, D., 2016. Capital gains tax: The rise of market value?.Taxation in Australia,51(2), p.67. Kenny, P. 2013, Australian tax 2013, 10th edn, LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood, N.S.W. Krantz, D.P., Weaver, R.D. and Alter, T.R., 2012. Residential property tax capitalization: consistent estimates using micro-level data.Land Economics,58(4), pp.488-496. Minas, J. and Lim, Y. 2013, "Taxing capital gains - views from Australia, Canada and the United States", eJournal of Tax Research, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 191. Nel, P., 2016. Primary residences, rental income, and tax: income tax.Tax Breaks Newsletter,2016(366), pp.2-3. Wallace, S., 2015. Property Taxation in a Global Economy: Is a Capital Gains Tax on Real Property a Good Idea. InPrepared for the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy-Land Policy Institute of Taiwan, Conference on Toward A(pp. 24-25). Wallis, C. 2013, "When is giving advice about tax laws legal?", Taxation in Australia, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 36-38. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016.Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press Wood, G., Ong, R. andWinter, I. 2012, "Stamp duties, land tax and housing affordability: The case for reform", Australian Tax Forum, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 331-349. Yinger, J., Bloom, H.S. and Boersch-Supan, A., 2016.Property taxes and house values: The theory and estimation of intrajurisdictional property tax capitalization. Elsevier.

Tungsten in light bulbs Essay Example

Tungsten in light bulbs Paper The reason for tungstens unusually high melting point is that potassium was located in small bubbles in the tungsten. It is these potassium bubbles which provide the wire with its unique high temperature creep resistance. Potassium is essentially insoluble in the tungsten. The bubbles are first formed from the doped powder in the pure tungsten during sintering. Sintering is a process that takes place when they make the tungsten wire. When they are making the wire these initial bubbles are drawn out into tubes. When the wire is annealed, these tubes break up to form the rows of bubbles. Once this is complete, the tungsten can be coiled into a filament and recrystallised. When the wire is recrystallised, the grain boundaries combine with the potassium bubble rows as the boundaries move, creating an interlocking grain structure How does a halogen light use tungsten to work? How does a halogen light work? A normal light bulb is made up of a fairly large, thin glass covering. Inside the glass is an inert gas such as argon and/or nitrogen. At the centre of the lamp is a tungsten filament. Electricity heats this filament up to about 2,200 degrees C. Just like any hot metal, the tungsten gets white hot at that heat and emits a great deal of visible light in a process called incandescence. A normal light bulb is not very efficient, and it only lasts about 750 to 1,000 hours in normal use. Its not very efficient because, in the process of radiating light, it also radiates a huge amount of infrared heat, far more heat than light. Since the purpose of a light bulb is to generate light, the heat is wasted energy. It doesnt last very long because the tungsten in the filament evaporates and deposits on the glass. We will write a custom essay sample on Tungsten in light bulbs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tungsten in light bulbs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tungsten in light bulbs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Eventually, a thin spot in the filament causes the filament to break, and the bulb burns out. A halogen lamp also uses a tungsten filament, but it is encased inside a much smaller quartz covering. Because the covering is so close to the filament, it would melt if it were made from glass. The gas inside the covering is also different; it consists of a gas from the halogen group. These gases combine with tungsten vapour! If the temperature is high enough, the halogen gas will combine with tungsten atoms as they evaporate and redeposit them on the filament. This recycling process lets the filament last a lot longer. In addition, it is now possible to run the filament hotter, meaning you get more light per unit of energy. You still get a lot of heat, and because the quartz covering is so close to the filament, it is much hotter then a normal light bulb. These bulbs are only about 15% more efficient than standard incandescents. Properties of tungsten How is tungsten made? There are two major minerals in tungsten. The first is wolframite [(Fe, Mn)WO4], which contains iron and manganese. The second is Scheelite (CaWO4), which makes a bright bluish colour under ultraviolet light. After grinding and cleaning, the ores are treated with alkalis to yield tungsten trioxide (WO3). The trioxide is finally reduced with carbon or hydrogen gas to produce the pure metal. Main properties of tungsten Tungsten has many unique properties that contribute to its outstanding performance as an electrical contact. It has a melting point of 3410i C, boiling point of 5660i C, high density, and links electrical and thermal conductivity. These properties provide it with excellent resistance to sticking or welding, and outstanding resistance to metal transfer and electrical erosion. Tungsten is a steel-grey to tin-white metal. Impure tungsten metal is quite brittle, although pure tungsten can be cut with a saw, spun, drawn, forged, and extruded. Tungsten has the highest melting point and the lowest vapour pressure of the metals. At temperatures exceeding 1650i C, it has the highest tensile strength. Tungsten oxidizes in air at high temperatures. Because of its high temperature strength, tungsten is used in a number of applications where the temperature is as high as 4500i F. Unfortunately, tungsten is not an inert metal, and reacts with certain gases and other materials unless adequate precautions are observed. Air: Above 950i F tungsten reacts with the oxygen in air forming a volatile oxide coating on the surface. This is a surface reaction which, while causing wastage of the tungsten, does it no internal structural harm. Above 2200i F, there is a strong evaporation of the oxide formation. Obviously tungsten should not be used in air above 950i F except for very short duration. Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Ammonia and Inert Gases: For all practical purposes, tungsten is stable with all these gases up to its melting point. Water Vapour: Tungsten can tolerate water vapour at all temperatures. Carbon Dioxide Monoxide: Above 2500i F, carbon dioxide oxidizes tungsten. Above 1450i F, carbon monoxide reacts with tungsten to form its carbide. Carbon Hydrocarbons: Tungsten reacts with graphite and other carbon forms above 2550i F to form tungsten carbide. Molten Metals: Tungsten exhibits good resistance to attack from many molten metals including mercury, gallium, sodium, potassium, NAK, magnesium, bismuth and zinc. Tungsten is attacked by molten aluminium; however, the rate of attack is much less than with other metals. Atomic Number 74 Atomic Weight 183. 86 Maximum Density at 20i C (68i F) 19. 3 g Melting Point 3410i C (6170i F) Thermal Conductivity at 20i C 0. 40 cal/cm/i C/sec Electrical Conductivity 31% IACS Tensile Strength at Room Temp. 100,000 500,000 psi Tensile Strength at 500i C (932i F) 75,000 194,000 psi Tensile Strength at 1000i C (1832i F) 50,000 75,000 psi Shell structure of tungsten.