Epa Superfund Sites Essay Research Paper ENC free essay sample

Epa Superfund Sites Essay, Research Paper ENC 1102 Ms. Hooton 28 March 1995 The Escambia Treating Company ( ETC ) Superfund Site has been mistreated and neglected for old ages ; a combination of bureaucratism in Washington and authorities intercession in Pensacola have made the state of affairs at the ETC site worse than it has of all time been. Therefore, the surrounding vicinities are wholly uninhabitable. Yet the occupants of these vicinities still live in their houses, some of which are less than 15 pess from the site itself. The Escambia Treating Company treated wood used for public-service corporation poles and foundation piles. ETC operated from 1943 to 1992. The site is located on the east side of Palafox Street, merely North of the Palafox, Fairfield intersection ( Dunham Toxics 1 ) . The company nevertheless, disolved in 1993, after failuing to follow with the ordinances of the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) ( Dunham Industrial 1 ) . The Escambia Treating company was established before there was concern about what effects its activities might hold in the hereafter, and hence, small attention was taken to protect the environment every bit good as the people working at that place ( Dunham Industrial1 ) . Frank Picket, an ex-employee of ETC worked there for 19 old ages, he is besides a occupant of Rosewood Terrace. He tells narratives of the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours operations and happenings at ETC. Harmonizing to Mr. Picket the lone safety Brantley 2 pitch the employees were issued were difficult chapeaus and steel toed boots. They were non provided with any type of gas masks to protect them from the toxic exhausts. He besides tells of coneies and Canis familiariss imbibing out of pools on the ETC site that would decease of poisoning or their hair would fall out when they came in contact with the toxic H2O. The workers at ETC suffered from skin roseolas, and several have died from malignant neoplastic diseases, TB, and bosom jobs. Mr. Picket estimates that 15 to 20 people he knew who worked at ETC died from these type of jobs. He even remembers one of the proprietors enduring from malignant neoplastic disease. Possibly one of the most distressing histories Mr. Picket describes was the method in which ETC disposed of the chemicals in the on site keeping pool. The keeping pool was a big ditch that was lined with cement and held the chemicals that were used to handle the wood. However, for the proprietors of ETC disposing of these c hemicals was much easier than one might conceive of, they merely broke a whole in the cement and allow the chemicals drain out into the environing dirt ( Interview ) . The two chief ingredients used to handle these poles were creosote and pentachlorophenol or PCP. Among the other chemicals used were dioxin, which is a bleaching agent and a signifier of Cl ; PCB s, which are besides found in paper Millss ; and asbestos, which is a known carcinogen ; every bit good as legion others ( Dunham Industrial 1 ) . After several old ages the EPA eventually shut Escambia Treating Co. down when the proprietors were unable to follow with environmental ordinances Brantley 3 ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . With the execution of new ordinances by the EPA, every bit good as all around stricter pro-environment Torahs taking consequence, many industrial companies were expected to clean up their musss at their ain disbursal ( GAIN Can 2 ) . I believe that the original proprietors of Escambia Treating Co. ( Charles Soules and household ) saw these alterations coming, and like smart business communities wanted to acquire out every bit shortly as possible. They did so by turning the company into a stock corporation, and finally sold all of the stock to their employees. Therefore, when the EPA came about and tried to acquire ETC to clean up their act, the shareholders were unable to make so and as a consequence the company went bankrupt. This meant that the Soules household got off without cleaning up their muss, the shareholders lost their investings, and the site remained contaminated with no hope of support for a killing. However, this all changed in 1980 when Congress passed # 8220 ; The Comprehensive Environmental Response, compensation, and Liability Act, # 8221 ; besides known as Superfund. The Act is financed by industry revenue enhancement ( GAIN Can 2 ) . Superfund was originally enacted by Congress two old ages after the ill-famed # 8220 ; Love Canal # 8221 ; incident in New York where the Hooker Chemical Co. was dumping chemical waste in to the abandoned canal and toxins were found oozing into the cellars of near by abodes ( GAIN Partisan 2 ) . The Act outlines how toxic waste sites should be cleaned up and applies merely to the most unsafe toxic waste sites in the US ( GAIN Can 2 ) . Brantley 4 Nine old ages subsequently, Superfund came to Pensacola and began # 8220 ; exigency killing procedures. # 8221 ; One wonders why it took so long for the EPA to react to this exigency. The Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model besides known suitably as SCAM is the EPA s program of action for the Escambia Treating site. This theoretical account nevertheless, was designed for # 8221 ; low-volume # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; low-toxicity # 8221 ; sites ( Dunham Cleanup 2 ) . It was surely non designed for sites the magnitude of Escambia Treating Co. SCAM was designed to be a speedy and inexpensively process for cleaning up toxic waste sites. Some people speculate that the usage of the SCAM theoretical account in Pensacola at the ETC site was a response to unfavorable judgment that Superfund was blowing excessively much clip and money and was non doing any existent advancement ( Dunham Cleanup 2 ) . Many of the nearby occupants were displeased with the actions that the EPA took. When the occupants foremost heard that the EPA was traveling to clean up the site, they were really optimistic. However, when they saw precisely what the EPA was making, they became really concerned. The EPA had programs non merely to clean up the old equipment, leaking membranophones of creosote, and dilapidated edifices, as the occupants had hoped, but they besides intended to clean up all of the contaminated dirt ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . To the insouciant perceiver this likely sounds like a good program, but to the occupants of Rosewood Terrace, Oak Park, Goulding, and Escambia Arms, it was dismaying. It was dismaying because the EPA gave them no warning that the digging would stir up contaminated dust, Brantley 5 and no warning that their wellness was in danger. Furthermore, the EPA refused the aid of several ex-employees of Escambia Treating Co. in turn uping major job countries on and near the site ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . For many old ages occupants of Oakpark and environing countries have been enduring with unwellnesss and malignant neoplastic diseases ; yet no connexion was made to the nearby site, because no 1 had informed them of the danger they were in. Even though both province and federal bureaus had been analyzing dirt and groundwater taint since the 1970 s. However, after the EPA began excavation the abode began to see even more jobs. The toxic dust that was stirred up caused respiratory jobs, relentless tegument roseolas, and firing oculus annoyance. It is besides suspected that lasting harm may hold been inflicted, the consequences of which won Ts show up for old ages. In 1992, as a consequence of their agony, the occupants of the environing countries, every bit good as concerned members of the community began run intoing in order to set a halt to the digging. In their quest to salvage their vicinity and their lives, they discovered that the EPA had no feasible program of action. The degree of taint of the site was non determined before the undertaking was undertaken, nor was there an exigency program of action coordinated with local civil defence functionaries. In add-on, there were on safeguards taken to protect the close by occupants. Yet when this group confronted the EPA with this information, the EPA alternatively that it was nil more than an # 8220 ; olfactory property job # 8221 ; ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . Brantley 6 The EPA took over a twelvemonth to unearth the 260,000 dozenss of contaminated dirt that now sits covered with tarps following to mammoth cavities ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . The occupants were grateful when the EPA ran out of money and were forced to halt excavation, but they were non satisfied. This group of occupants finally became known as Citizens Against Toxic Exposure ( CATE ) , and are now on a run to be relocated. They besides want the ETC site to be expanded so that it will include all of the contaminated countries, including the residential countries environing the site. In add-on to this, CATE would wish to see other protective steps taken ; so that on more taint may happen elsewhere. However, they have been met with great resistance from the authorities. The EPA has even tried to sabotage CATES s credibleness by supplying # 8220 ; false reassurance # 8221 ; to both doctors and functionaries in the community. Furthermore, the EPA has made it about impossible for CATE, or anyone for that affair to obtain any information refering the site or the EPA s program of action ( Dunham Cleanup 2 ) . However, CATE discovered the consequences of proving done at the ETC site and they were amazing. Creosote and PCP were found to be at degrees of 5,000 parts per million ( ppm ) . Dioxin, which is described to as the # 8220 ; most powerful # 8221 ; carcinogen of all time studied by the EPA was found at 300 parts per billion ( ppb ) , that s 300 times the so called # 8220 ; acceptable degree # 8221 ; ( Dunham 1 ) . When in the organic structure, dioxin maps as an unreal endocrine which disturbs the hormone system. Bantley 7 This perturbation may increase the authority of natural endocrines while decreasing others. It besides suppresses the immune system. Because dioxin Acts of the Apostless as a endocrine, it can alter sexual features, metamorphosis, and generative maps. Furthermore, there has been no acceptable degree determined, even in minute measures dioxin is highly unsafe ( Dunham Industrial 1 ) . In add-on, CATE has besides discovered that the EPA would wish to incinerate the toxic sludge and dirt. This class of action is rather surprising sing that the EPA seldom if neer allows private industry to utilize incineration as a agency of disposing of waste, due to its negative impact on the environment. Even more surprising is that incineration is known to bring forth dioxins, a consequence that wholly contradicts what the EPA s supposed intent is at ETC ; that is to clean up risky chemicals, non to bring forth more. Use of incinerators at the ETC site would non merely bring forth more dioxin, but it would besides do toxins that are presently in the dirt to go airborne, leting these contaminations to distribute throughout Pensacola with greater easiness and with wider coverage than presently possible. It would besides do killing impossible ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . Such factors cause me to believe that the EPA has chosen this class of action because they are badly over budget. They wholly underestimated the magnitude of the site, and were non prepared to manage the state of affairs one time Brantley 8 they encountered it. Incineration in known to be one of the cheapest methods of waste disposable ; the waste is merely burned, and the ashes buried. However, there are merely a twosome of drawbacks: the first being that firing waste releases toxic chemicals into the air and the 2nd is that one time the ashes are buried, toxins continue to leach into the dirt. The EPA started exigency killing at the ETC site because of political force per unit area in Washington from environmental and public involvement groups. They wanted to make the occupation rapidly and cheaply because the EPA needed something to do themselves look more appealin g when Congress was debating the destiny of Superfund. Unfortunately, the EPA spot off a little more than it could masticate, and one time once more complete nil it set out to make. One of CATE s major concerns is offsite taint. ETC had no method of incorporating or hive awaying storm H2O overflow and ETC sent employees to nearby abodes after heavy rains to pump out contaminated H2O and spread sand over the contaminated countries on several occasions. The surface H2O overflow from the ETC site non merely distributes contaminated H2O through the backyards of next houses, but the contaminates finally find their manner into local organic structures of H2O. There have been two corroborated effects ensuing from storm H2O overflow, the first being the degree of dioxin and other contaminates on the residential sites was found to be twice that of the ETC site taint ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . This is most likely due to the accretion of toxins over Brantley 9 the old ages. The rain H2O rinses the contaminations from the site and onto environing countries ; hence, the degree of taint is higher in environing countries than that of the existent site itself. The 2nd consequence is that the contaminates from the ETC site have leached into the land H2O. These contaminates have formed a plume and are presently traveling Southeast toward the imbibing H2O aquifer. It has been discovered that this plume from the ETC site has joined with a plume from the Agrico Chemical fertiliser works site, another Superfund site, and both are presently headed in the same way ( Dunham Cleanup 1 ) . It is besides suspected that these contaminations will make Bayou Texar in one to three old ages. It is non yet known what the consequence of the contaminations in the bayou will be. However, they are non anticipate to be good. In add-on to this, out of the 1000000s of dollars that has been spent by the authorities on the ETC site, there has been no money spent on resettlement of the people populating next to the site. Dr. Jole Hirschhorn, a proficient adviser for Superfund was quoted as stating, # 8220 ; if the EPA determined that the taint degrees at the Escambia site were high plenty and endangering adequate to justify an expensive digging, how could it let occupants to stay populating on land instantly following to the site that was even more contaminated than the site itself? # 8221 ; This statement absolutely expresses the ideas and feelings of CATE ( Dunham Cleanup 2 ) . Hearing the grounds myself, I excessively wondered why the Brantley 10 EPA did non relocate or at least warn the occupants of Rosewood Terrace and the environing vicinities. However, the ETC site in Pensacola is merely a little portion of a much bigger job. This job, like most of our states jobs resides in Washington DC. Legislation of the Superfund act has been pledged with jobs from the beginning. Called one of the state s most dearly-won and uneffective environmental Torahs, the plan has been mismanaged and neglected for old ages. There are several jobs with the current Superfund jurisprudence: Superfund is invariably entangled in eternal judicial proceeding of who is traveling to pay for the clean up of contaminated sites ; this of class leads to surging costs in operation, something for which Superfund is ill-famed ( GAIN Partisan 2 ) . In add-on, this allows less clip for existent clean up and more clip in the courtroom. Even though the EPA has authorization to coerce defilers to pay for clean up, frequently times defilers will turn around and run up smaller companies to pay for clean up alternatively. In the 15 old ages of the Torahs being at that place has been 1,177 sites designated as Superfund state broad, with an extra 100 sites added to the list yearly, and of these 1,177 sites merely 217 have been declared # 8220 ; clean. # 8221 ; Cleanup clip of these sites norms nine old ages with an mean killing cost of $ 25 million ( GAIN Partisan 2 ) . In add-on 75 % of these sites require long term care. Brantley 11 In 1993, several House and Senate hearings were held to reform and reauthorize Superfund. Argument in the hearings was focused on four major ends: # 8220 ; 1 ) increase the rate of killing ; 2 ) cut down plan costs ; 3 ) increase the equity of the procedure, and eventually ; 4 ) defilers should pay for killing ( GAIN Can 2 ) . # 8221 ; The Superfund jurisprudence expired October 1, 1994 ; However, funding for the jurisprudence is non expected to run out until the terminal of this twelvemonth. Congress has until so to come to an understanding on precisely how to reform and reactivate Superfund. In an effort to rush up this procedure and derive a political bridgehead in Congress, the Clinton disposal introduced the Superfund reform measure to Congress in 1994. However, the measure was buried in October and did non come up once more until January of this twelvemonth ( GAIN Partisan 1 ) . Argument in Congress over the reform measure produced several amendments which were added to the House version ( HR 3800 ) . However, such amendments may compromise the measures endurance. The measure, a merchandise of the National Commission on Superfund, # 8220 ; a wide alliance of industry, environmental groups, authorities, and others organized by the non-profit-making Keystone Center of Colorado, and an disposal proposal, besides drawn up by a wide alliance # 8221 ; is a consequence of via media between the groups in the alliance. Any alterations made in Congress may ensue in members Brantley 12 of the alliance retreating their support and thereby take downing the credibleness of the measure. Clinton s reform measure promises to rush up killings by 10 to 20 % . It besides promises to cut outgos by 25 % . National killing degrees would be set for contaminates found most frequently at Superfund sites. Generic killing methods would besides be established for similar sites, and future usage of the of the land would be taken into consideration when finding how clean a site must be. The EPA is anticipating the new program to cut privet judicial proceeding costs by more than 50 % ( GAIN Superfund 2 ) . The reform measure would besides affect community militants, where they were once excluded. While the Clinton reform measure looks fantastic on paper, it is my feeling that it will non be implemented in the manners it was intended to be. All the things the measure sets out to carry through are of a good nature and purpose ; nevertheless, in Washington measures that become Torahs have a ill-famed repute despite reassurances, of bing the taxpayers more money which is about ever mismanaged and squandered on something other than its intended intent. One merely needs to look at the current Superfund measure, which was implemented with the most baronial of purposes to see the waste. I do non believe that Congress or the EPA or the authorities for that affair can efficaciously clean up toxic waste sites. I believe that lone persons who are personally effected by these toxic waste sites can coerce those responsible to take duty for their Brantley 13 carelessness. In the instance of the Escambia Treating Company, the issue of liability arises. Is the Soules household responsible for the killing of the site? Is the Soules household responsible for resettlement of the local abode, should they pay for their medical measures that have accumulated due to illnesss caused by exposure to contaminations, and should they foster counterbalance them for the dramatic loss in belongings value the occupants has suffered since their land has been contaminated? I believe that the Soules household is responsible for all of these things. While it is true that the EPA did decline the status every bit far as the abode were concerned, there would neer hold been a job in the first topographic point if ETC did non pollute the site. Furthermore since the belongings seemingly has no other proprietor than Escambia Treating, and Escambia Treating is no longer in being, the lone apt party I can happen is the Soules household themselves. While it is true that the Soules household did non have the company during its last old ages of operation, most of the taint of the site and the environing residential countries occurred while the Soules still owned ETC. It is my sentiment that the Soules household is responsible for the taint of both the site and the environing residential countries, every bit good as for the wellness jobs caused by exposure to these chemicals experienced by any of the environing abode. I feel that the Soules household is disregarding the issue for several grounds, foremost and most significantly because they can. The Soules household is non lawfully responsible for any harm caused by ETC. This is because the Soules household Brantley 14 sold all their portions in the company after turning it into a stock corporation in 1982. Once they sold their stock they were no longer apt for anything ETC did in the yesteryear or hereafter. I besides believe, based on general reaction, they merely do non care. The state of affairs is peculiarly easy to disregard because of the societal position of the Soules household in Pensacola. It is besides easy to disregard because of the societal position of the occupants of the environing vicinities. However, I do believe that despite the initial apathy towards the state of affairs, more people in the community are get downing to take an involvement and demoing some concern towards the state of affairs at the ETC site and the environing countries. They are coming to recognize that the state of affairs at ETC effects all of Pensacola and non merely the abodes of Rosewood Terrace, Oak Park, and Goulding. Hopefully this new found involvement will convey CATE one measure closer to carry throu ghing their ends. This new found involvement may besides convey to illume what the EPA has done and force people to acquire more active in authorities activities. Possibly by understanding what the EPA has done at the ETC site will do people to go funny about other governmental activities. As for the Soules Family, I do non believe that they are traveling to pay one cent for killing or resettlement. The fact that they withdrew from the corporation makes them apt for nil. Even if CATE did take legal action towards the Soules household, I do non believe they would acquire really far. Unfortunately it appears that the Soules household is traveling to acquire off scott free. What is even more Brantley 15 unfortunate nevertheless, is the fact that the lone current proprietor of the ETC site on the books is Escambia Treating Company. Due to the fact that ETC is no longer in being they have non paid their revenue enhancements for several old ages. This means that the City of Pensacola may take ownership of the site and the load of killing may fall on the taxpayers of the metropolis. Not merely has the Soules household burdened the unsuspicious occupants of Rosewood Terrace, Oak Park, and Goulding, but they may besides consequence the billfolds of every unsuspicious occupant of the City of Pensacola. It is unfortunate that those who caused the job in the first topographic point will non be those who fix it. However, the Soules household is non straight responsible for the wellness jobs caused during the EPA proceedings at the ETC site. Therefore, I believe that the EPA should relocate the occupants of the environing communities. I believe they should besides pay for any related medical disbursals. The EPA is at mistake in this case. They did non warn anyone that they would be delving, nor did they take any safeguards. It is for these grounds that I believe that the EPA should take duty in this case.

Perceptual Mapping free essay sample

A detailed explanation of how perceptual mapping works, what it does, and what are its critical assumptions †¢An application of how perceptual mapping was used, i. e. , describing an application of the tool in detail, focusing on procedure, calculations, results, and interpretation. Background Branding; is defined by Charles W. Lamb, co-author of Marketing: sixth edition; as a name, term, symbol, design, or combination thereof that identifies a seller’s product or service and differentiates them from competitors’ products. Perhaps, the successful of many businesses has been attributed to the positioning of a product or service associated to a brand that consumers would easily grasp and differentiate from other products within a category. Understanding how consumers store information in memory is essential in brand development, according to Dawn Iacobucci, editor of Kellogg on Marketing. A product or service â€Å"brand† might have three types of associations: attributes, people, and occasions. â€Å"Attributes are physical characteristics of a product such as its color, size, and flavor. People and occasions together are regarded as image. Most brand positioning involves a combination of attributes and image. Perhaps, consumers typically do not make decisions on the basis of attributes or image alone. Rather they use a combination of both to infer some benefit, adds Iacobucci. A benefit is an abstract concept such as convenience, pleasure, or fun. The rationale for a benefit is the fact that it has some attributes or that certain people use it on particular occasions. An example is how the beer industry emphasize the taste benefit supported by specifying the brand’s choice by showing young adults enjoying it at social gatherings, sports, or at home with friends. Therefore, perceptual mapping has become essential in the development or repositioning of a product or service for any marketing manager. Since perceptual mapping, according to Dr. Zafar Iqbal PhD professor of marketing at DePaul University, is a special representation in which customer perceptions for competitors’ brands are represented in a Euclidean space. Consequently, the use of perceptual mapping as a marketing tool allows marketing managers to identify and visualize a map of the marketplace in which the brands are positioned against one another vying for the spot in which consumers desire the most. Perceptual Mapping In order to create a reliable visual representation of the market input from customers or the target market are key. Perhaps, perceptual mapping provides a visual representation of customer’s perceptions. Consequently, perceptual maps are useful for deciding product positioning or repositioning; comparison between companies’ views of product positioning with customers’ perceptions; or identifying a competitive set(s). To develop the map, at least four focus group needs to be conducted in order to identify which are the attributes of the products or services that are characteristics and relevant. The attributes and products would vary according to the objective of the study. Perhaps, the study could have a strategic positioning or tactical positioning objective. Subsequently, once all attributes are identified, the development and implementation of a survey is essential in order to obtain perception data. The survey would ask consumers using the attribute rating method (AR) and overall similarity method (OS). The AR method would ask consumers to rate a list of attributes for each product or service. Once the perception data is obtained through the survey. Using factor analysis, the data would be reduced without significant loss of information and find systematically underlying patterns and inter-relationships among variables (attributes). Moreover, the use of factor analysis would allow the individual(s) to use the input (brands x attributes) to create a matrix of standardized scores for each brand and attribute, as long as the rotation sums of squared loading of the total variance explained for the second component (attribute) together with the first is equal or above 60 per cent. Moreover, the through factor analysis would provide a rotated component matrix (VARIMAX) for each of the attributes assigning coordinates, allowing the individual to plot each of them into the perceptual map. Additionally, a component score matrix would be posted as two additional columns to the original data, providing coordinates for each of the brands. By plotting the coordinates for both brands and attributes in their respective quadrants, the perceptual map is, simultaneously, being drawn. Hence, other brands could be group by competitive clusters and positioning to which the brand at study could be compared in relation to other base on preference. Moreover, the map would provide good and bad gaps, and recommendations could be made as how to occupy good gaps and avoid to fall into bad gaps base on which attributes or perceptions to improve and/or communicate. Additionally, recommendations can also be made according to which positioning is desire, according to which exact quadrant to move into and exact location on the map. However, the recommendations and positioning strategy are based on a set of three assumptions. Since it is based on a snapshot of costumers’ current perceptions. Assumptions I. It pair-wise distances between product or service alternatives directly indicated by perceive similarities or differences between any pairs. Perhaps, the distance between brands is determined by the perception in the costumers’ mind and whether the products are similar or different from each other. For example, the costumers’ perception of American Eagle clothes is similar to Abercrombie Fitch. Therefore, both brands would be positioned closer than if it is compare with Tommy Hilfiger. II. The attributes, described as vectors on the map, indicate both magnitude and direction. Perhaps, the brands could fall under different points on the preference line. Nonetheless, the magnitude in which one brands is preferred over other cannot be measured nor can be estimated. Every decision would have to be taken by inference according to the map. III. The brands would be positioned according to the coordinates and the place in the axes of the maps would represent or suggest the underlying dimensions (or factors) that best characterize how costumers differentiate between alternatives. The manufacturers or engineers could perceive their product very different from others; however, customer’s perceptions could be very different and associate the product with another one. The table above represent the averages of the responses obtain from the survey, which use a scale from one to seven, one being strongly disagreed and seven being strongly agree. Once the data is collected, based on the perception of individuals for each of the brands and attributes. The following step is, to perform a factor analysis to reduce the data without significantly loosing to much information and systematically find the inter-relationships among the different variables (attributes). The outcome of the factor analysis indicates that the total variance explained with two attributes have a rotation sums of square loading of 66. 78 per cent, which the standard by the industry must be above 60 per cent. The study positioned United Colors of Benetton (Benetton) in the complete opposite position in which Benetton wants to be (See Graph A). The brands that are leading the market that Benetton would like to enter are: Tommy Hilfiger, Banana Republic, and Hugo Boss – listed on order of preference according to the study. These brands have been clustered as the I’m a Young Professional group (See Graph B). Based on the desire of Benetton to reposition itself as the preferred clothing store for young professionals in the United States. Benetton would have to move into one of the three open spaces, in the consumers’ minds, that falls under the direction of preference and the desired position of Benetton. (See Graph C) Based on the desired repositioning of Benetton and its current position, I suggest that Benetton should develop their marketing strategies to position itself into Space A. Since moving into Space B or Space C, which are, at the moment, to far out of the current state that it would be to costly at the moment. Moreover, the marketing strategies should emphasize the following attributes in order to reposition Benetton into a more competitive positioning for the preferred clothing for the U. S. young professional: (See Graph D) Primary Attributes a)Business Casual b)Standard Colors c)Designs On-Edge (i. e. fitting designs, delineate and exalts the body) Auxiliary Attributes a)High Quality b)Delicate c)Premium-price Item By embracing the attributes stated above, Benetton would be able to re-position into a more competitive and preferred market space.

Sample Cultural Context Essay

Sample Cultural Context EssayA sample cultural context essay is a compilation of ideas to enable students to examine a number of different ideas and perspectives that are representative of one culture from another. By placing them into the context of a certain group that is often lacking in comparison, students will gain a better understanding of the world in which they live. In fact, while writing a sample cultural context essay, the writer should consider the various aspects of culture that need to be studied. The essays written on a variety of different topics can be found online at various websites.A lot of these essays are extremely useful because they provide a lot of ideas for what may need to be considered when writing a very long essay on any topic. Some examples of sample essays include a health care essay, an essay about the behavior of college students, a social situation study, a political essay, and so forth. A sample cultural context essay may also give a student an id ea of how best to start a class assignment that is rather lengthy. It should be remembered that the essay does not have to be written in one sitting as long as it is well-written and full of thought-provoking ideas.When writing an essay on a particular topic, it may be best to look up previous essays by other students who are well-known for their ability to write an essay on any subject matter. It may help a student who is reviewing essays from other students if he or she can learn something new about the topic. Most of the time, what a student needs to do is look for words that are common among all essays and then use those words in their own essay. Other students should not take offense to this; there is nothing wrong with knowing something new and adding that knowledge to the essay being written.Sometimes, a student has an idea about what to write about and they are unsure about the best way to proceed. In this case, it may be best to first ask a professor to read their essay to see if they feel that it is adequate. After finding out if the essay is good enough for review, the student should then take the time to really think about the ideas that they have and compare them to an essay from someone else.In other cases, students may want to first explain their ideas in their own words to see if they are applicable to a reader's perspective. This is a good way to get students thinking outside of the box and be able to think about things in a different way. In doing this, students are more likely to come up with ideas that may not have been in their heads.Writing an essay that is thought provoking is important in almost every school setting. It is usually easy to see the similarities in opinions between students but it is much harder to see the differences. This makes it very important for a teacher to offer advice and support when needed. It is important to let a student know when they have a question or want help on something.In order to help a student get th rough any problem, a teacher may choose to allow them to write their essay by themselves. This will allow the student to come up with their own thoughts and create a much more creative essay. It is important to encourage this type of writing at all times as it will help a student to continue to read.Writing an essay on a specific topic can be difficult and frustrating. By taking the time to consider what to write and having the ability to express their thoughts, students will be able to learn a lot from writing an essay. A sample cultural context essay is one way to prepare for this process.

Standards of Engineering Ethics and Professionalism in the World

The development of engineering ethics can be traced to the turn of the 20th century when the mother engineering associations formulated ethical codes. The engineering ethics refer to the guidelines and principles applied by engineers in their professional practice. Adoption of the first code of ethics was by The Institute of Civil Engineers of England in 1910.From then on it has been established and practiced in most states.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Standards of Engineering Ethics and Professionalism in the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The engineers are required by the law to join professional organizations and obtain professional licenses before they can practice in line with the requirements of other professions such as law, medicine, and accounting. This paper will compare the difference that exists in several codes of ethics around the world as well as how they can be professionally applied f rom different perspectives. In addition to this the paper will seek to determine how the impact of religion of some of the engineering codes. Ever since the professionalization of engineering, there have been conflicts between professional engineers and technical engineers with each group fighting for recognition of supremacy. Professional organizations have strived to incorporate codes of ethics in their rules while technical societies of engineers do not adopt uniform codes of ethics. They prefer to educate their members on the importance of ethics. Engineering ethics often emerge from major disasters and catastrophes in landmark structures. The collapse of the Quebec Bridge in 1907 saw the emergence of the Order of the engineer in America and the iron ring in Canada. Members take an oath to observe the code of ethics and put on a ring to remind them constantly of the commitment to upholding ethics. In the recent past, review of the code of ethics and introduction of engineering e thics as a course in engineering classrooms has been precipitated by misfortunes such as the collapse of The Hyatt Hotel in Kansa and The Challenger disaster. Most professors are not comfortable teaching the course, which involves literature because they are more familiar with teaching quantative and qualitative concepts. Engineering organizations and professional bodies in most countries of the world share similar principles regarding ethics, with the core principles being that public interest should always be put before individual interest. The major issues facing the enforcement of engineering ethics are corruption and high rates of bribery. New issues such as environmental conservation are also emerging. Whistle-blowing (reporting your employer or client in case of activities that may risk public welfare) has remained a gray area in engineering ethics. Engineers are usually in a dilemma whether to uphold the code of ethics and report or to remain loyal to their companies and kee p their jobs.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In America for instance, the code of the Civil Engineers’ society places emphasis on the wellbeing of the public in terms of safety and health. It also requires proficiency and competence in the fieldwork, truth, and faithfulness in dealing with clients, fair competition, upholding the name of the profession, anti-corruption attitude, continuous career development, and provision of opportunities to apprentices or those under their tutelage. Stringent enforcement of professional ethics takes place in The United States of America. This is largely due to the fact that it suits and actions in court by way of public interest litigation. In 1969, the government launched an inquiry into the activities of B.F Goodrich Engineering Company following reports by an employee that it had falsified a brake report after conducting flight tests. Three engineers were indicted in 1989 for storing, handling, and disposing hazardous wastes. They were involved in development of chemical weapons for the army. Until recently, France did not have a code of ethics for engineers or an engineering ethics course for students. This is mainly due to failure of organization due to divisions within the profession and failure of programs to conduct academic research into the discipline. The first code of engineering ethics was adopted by The National Council of Engineers and Scientists of France(CNISF) in 1997.Like other engineers, when it comes to whistleblowing they are torn between public responsibility and fidelity to their employers. The fact that the word engineer has two different meanings (a distinguished professional and a graduate engineer) has made development of engineering ethics problematic. The adopted code proved to be weak because it lacked enforcement procedures and engineers can only join CNISF institutionally through professio nal associations. Most engineers have chosen not to adopt the code and have chosen other ways to observe engineering ethics. On the other hand, in Germany, the engineers association, VDI sought recognition of the profession by demanding to have the title Doktor bestowed upon them. This boosted their prestige and led to respect within the society and faster entrenchment of engineering ethics to uphold the reputation of the profession. In Australia professionalism in engineering is highly regarded and ethics are strictly observed, The institution of engineers views the code as a contract between the engineer and the public that the engineer will prioritize public interest and welfare in exchange for which the public is not to interfere with the regulation of the engineering profession. Development of professionalism has occurred through instituting proceedings against engineers in their individual capacity. This process is similar to the one in Canada.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Standards of Engineering Ethics and Professionalism in the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Russia, formally known as The USSR, the communist revolution stripped engineers off their professional autonomy stagnating development of engineering codes of ethics. The same case applies in China where due to a tyrannical political regime, technical organizations and professional societies do not have a uniform code of ethics. The Chinese Mechanical Engineers Society is guided by regulations that are akin to a professional code. The approach in Hong Kong is different from the rest of China since I was a former crown colony of The British and so the code is based on The U.K model. The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers achieved a milestone in 1980 by organizing a conference on ethics. The Hong Kong code is unique in that it makes an exception whereby an engineer is working outside Hongkong.It stipulates that such an engineer should abide by the engineering standards of that other country. In India, members of the professional body have to sign a statement declaring that they shall uphold the code of ethics, conduct honorable research, and promote preservation of human dignity. There is no formal written code of conduct sine the individual pledge is considered the ultimate symbol of commitment to ethics as it is stronger than any written code. In Japan, there is no distinct seperation between engineering and science. This is because they are considered a similar enterprise. Engineering ethics are considered to be of the same capacity with those of other scientists, and thus have not developed a lot. Taiwan is another distinct example. Its professional code of ethics departs from the Western outlook and merges social-cultural aspects of The Taiwan people it acknowledges the diverse roles of an engineer at a personal and professional level. Teamwork and collective responsibility is emphasized. Due to respect of hierarchy of age in their culture, younger engineers are to respect established engineers and request for their advice. The elderly engineers should couch and guide the younger engineers on the core values of ethics. Engineers should engage in community service and charity work for the public. In Africa, there are professional engineering bodies in countries such as South Africa and Kenya. For instance in Kenya, the formulation of a code of ethics is underway since a bill has been enacted to pave way for the code. The South African Society of civil engineers already has a code in place. Corruption remains the biggest problem in entrenching engineering ethics in Africa because even the bidding and tendering processes are tainted.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Religion controls various aspects of our lives including our choice of fashion.education and even profession. It affects engineers in different ways. It will affect the choice of projects he chooses to work on, the type of research he or she conducts, interaction with other engineers and his views on the effects of the project he chooses to work on. The other aspect involves the response of society towards the work of an engineer and the purpose for such work. Depending on the religious view of the society, a project maybe approved for sponsorship or rejected. For instance, Christians may be unwilling to support an engineer intending to develop an atomic bomb. Religion will therefor influence engineering ethics because if the society considers something unethical from a religious point of view, there is no way in which an engineer can go ahead to do as it will end up besmirching the name of the profession. In states, which have state religions, such religions end up controlling the professionalism of the engineering practice since the engineer must subscribe to the ethics established by such a religion. Whereas there is no state religion in Israel, the heavy Jewish presence means that a professional whether in law, medicine, or engineering cannot engage in any activities deemed unethical by that religion. In Saudi Arabia where Islam is a state religion, contravening principles of Muslim law would be unethical. Environmental issues and the concept of sustainable development are emerging areas in the field of engineering ethics. There is a drive to preserve and conserve the environment for both the present and future generations. Engineering ethics have to become stricter, perhaps the best way to do this would be by formulation of a uniform code of ethics for all engineers across the globe just as we have uniform technical codes. International engineering transactions are on the rise with contractors being hired to embark on various construction projects. An int ernational regulatory framework and common standard has to be established so that engineers are not confused on the ethical standards required of them when they embark on jobs abroad. This can be formulated with the help of international engineering organizations such as The World Federation of Engineering Organizations. This essay on Standards of Engineering Ethics and Professionalism in the World was written and submitted by user Sage to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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